Static Voltage Stability Analysis In Power Systems Engineering Essay

Static Voltage Stability Analysis In Power Systems Engineering Essay Voltage stability, one of the principal aspects of power system stability, has been the main reason for many of major power system blackout incidents over the last few decades. It is acknowledged universally that voltage stability is and will remain a challenge in the 21st century, even likely to increase in importance. Therefore a better understanding of voltage stability in power systems is necessary for power engineers, who might participate in the planning, designing, and operation of modern power systems. This report talks about a relevant engineering thesis project: Static Voltage Stability Analysis in Power Systems, which is carried out for 2 semesters from July 2009 to June 2010. The aim of this thesis project is to conduct a more comprehensive study into the theory of static voltage stability, and investigate a new approach for power flow analysis: 3-dimension P-Q-V curve. First of all, the basic knowledge of static voltage stability is reviewed, and analysis on an elementary power system, radial system, is carried out including power flow study, P-V and Q-V curve analysis. Based on the 2- dimension P-V and Q-V plotting, the relationship of P, Q, and V is studied and a new method for static voltage stability analysis is tried: P-Q-V curve. The second part of this project focuses on the analysis of WSCC three-generator-nine-bus system. Simulation of the system is carried through by means of UWPFLOW and POWERWORLD. Direct power flow method and continuation power flow method are applied and the weakest bus is studied. Last but not least, curves are obtained and results are discussed. Keywords: Static Voltage Stability; Radial System; Power Flow Method; Continuation Power Flow Method; P-V Curve; Q-V Curve; P-Q-V Curve. CONTENTS à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‹Å" à ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  i ABSTRACT ii CONTENTS iv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2 POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY 8 CHAPTER 3 STATIC VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTARY POWER SYSTEM 11 CHAPTER 4 STATIC VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF WSCC NINE-BUS SYSTEM 26 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 39 REFERENCES 41 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 43 APPENDIX A MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 3.8 44 APPENDIX B MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.2 46 APPENDIX C MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.3 47 APPENDIX D MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.4 48 APPENDIX E MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.5 49 APPENDIX F MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.6 50 APPENDIX G MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.7 51 APPENDIX H DATA OF WSCC NINE-BUS SYSTEM 52 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION An Overview of Modern Power System A power system is a network of conductors and devices which allows electrical energy to be transferred from the generating power stations to load centers through transmission network. Since the first electric network in the United States was established at the Pearl Street Station in New York City by Thomas Edison in 1882 [1], power systems have been experiencing more than 100 years development and improvement. Nowadays, modern power system has developed to be a complex interconnected network, which can be subdivided into four parts: Generation Private and publicly owned generators produce the electricity that feeds into high voltage grids. Transmission High voltage transmission grids transport power from generating units at various locations to distribution systems which ultimately supply the load. Distribution Distribution systems deliver the power from local bulk supply points to the consumers service-entrance equipments. Loads Loads of power systems are composed of industrial, commercial, and residential load. Figure 1.1 Modern Power System [2] Power System Stability A power system is said to be stable if it has the property that it retains a state of equilibrium under normal operating conditions and regains an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance. Of all the complex phenomena on power system, power system stability is the most intricate to understand and challenging to analyze [3]. Damage to power system stability may cause the system to blackout or collapse as well as other catastrophic incidents, leading to enormous social and economic losses. Classification of Power System Stability Based on the systems different properties, network structures and operation modes, the system instability can behave in many different ways. Accordingly power system stability study is divided mainly into three fields: angle stability, frequency stability and voltage stability. The diagram below shows visually the classification of power system stability. Figure 1.2 Classification of Power System Stability History of Study on Power System Stability Initially, angular stability was firstly paid attention to and studied since power transmission capability had traditionally been limited by either rotor angle (synchronous) stability or by thermal loading capability. And the blackout problems had been associated with transient stability, which were diminished by fast short circuit clearing, powerful excitation systems and varies special stability controls [3]. In other words, nowadays the theory and methods on angular stability are relatively more complete. Meanwhile, study on voltage stability had been quite slow, which mainly attributed to two reasons: Incidents caused by voltage instability or voltage collapse occurred relatively late, not until which did people paid attention to voltage instability problems. Understanding of voltage instability was not so profound as other kinds of instability problems in the early days. Varies of issues arose during the study on voltage stability such as load-based modeling, dynamic behaviors of different components as well as their interaction, and so on. Overview of Power System Voltage Stability Voltage Instability Incidents in the World Power system voltage stability was firstly introduced in 1940s, but failed to draw peoples attention until 1970s, since which voltage instability and collapse had resulted in several major system failures or blackouts throughout the world, as listed below [4, 5, 22]: August 22, 1970, Japan, 30 minutes; September 22, 1970, New York, several hours; September 22, 1977, Jacksonville, Florida, few minutes; December 19, 1978, France, 26 minutes; August 4, 1982, Northern Belgium, 4.5 minutes; September 2, November 26, December 28 30, 1982, Florida, 1-3 minutes; May 21, 1983, Northern California, 2 minutes; December 27, 1983, Sweden, 55 seconds; June 11, 1984, Northeastern USA, several hours; May 17, 1985, South Florida, 4 seconds; April 1986, Winnipeg, Canada Nelson River HVDC links, 1 second; May 20, 1986, England, 5 minutes; November 1986, SE Brazil, Paraguay, 2 seconds; January 12, 1987, Western France, 6-7 minutes; July 20, 1987, Illinoisand India, several hours; July 23, 1987, Tokyo Japan, 20 minutes; August 22, 1987, Western Tennessee, 10 seconds; July 2, 1996, Western System Coordination Council (WSCC), Northern USA; August 1996, Malaysia; August 14, 2003, USA Canada; September 28, 2003, Italy. Progress of Study on Voltage Stability The large numbers of worldwide voltage collapse incidents made it become the focus of worlds attention to study voltage stability of power system. In the 1982s researching list of Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in USA, voltage stability was considered as the most significant issue. Over the last thirty years, and especially over about the last twenty years, utility engineers, consultants, and university researchers have intensely studied voltage stability. Hundreds of technical papers have resulted, along with conferences, symposiums, and seminars. Utilities have developed practical analysis techniques, and are now planning and operating power systems to prevent voltage instability for credible disturbances [6]. Importance of Voltage Stability in Future In a foreseeable future, the global fast-growing power consumption will require more intensive use of available transmission facilities, which means an operation of power systems closer to their voltage stability limits. The increased use of existing transmission is made possible, in part, by reactive power compensation [6]. Undoubtedly, voltage stability is and will remain a challenge in the 21st century, even likely to increase in importance. Therefore a better understanding of voltage stability in power systems is necessary for power engineers, who might participate in the planning, designing, and operation of modern power systems. Topic Definition and Scope The topic of this project is Static Voltage Stability Analysis in Power Systems, which mainly focuses on the following: Overview of the phenomena of static voltage stability; Analysis associated with the phenomena; Reasons why voltage collapse happens; Measures to improve static voltage stability. In consideration of restrictions on the simulation, a three-generator-nine-bus case is used throughout the whole project while a typical two-bus (one-generator-one-load) case is used for the P-Q-V curve analysis. Aims and Objectives The main objective of this project is to get a wider and deeper understanding of static voltage stability in power systems, which can be reduced into sub-objectives: To conduct a more comprehensive study into the theory of static voltage stability; To look for reasons why voltage collapse happens; To investigate a new approach for power flow analysis: 3-dimension P-Q-V plotting; To propose proper measures of improving static voltage stability in power systems; To conclude generation direction and load direction for the analyzed power system. CHAPTER 2 POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY Basic Concepts of Voltage Stability IEEE Definitions IEEE [7] provided a formal definition of voltage stability and relative concepts as given below: Voltage Stability: Voltage stability is the ability of a system to maintain voltage so that when load admittance is increased, load power will increase and so that both power and voltage are controllable. Voltage Collapse: Voltage collapse is the process by which voltage instability leads to very low voltage profile in a significant part of the system. Voltage Security: Voltage security is the ability of a system not only to operate stably, but also to remain stable (as for as the maintenance of system voltage is concerned) following any reasonable credible contingency or adverse system change. CIGRE Definitions Nevertheless, the above definitions of voltage stability conditions were not directly compatible with the general IEEE definition for stability concept. Hence new definitions were given in CIGRE report [8], which are as following: Voltage Stability: A power system, at a given operating state and subjected to a given disturbance, is voltage stable if voltages near loads approach post-disturbance equilibrium values. The disturbed state is within the region of the stable post-disturbance equilibrium. Voltage Instability: Voltage instability is the absence of voltage stability, and results in progressive voltage decrease (or increase). Destabilizing control reaching limits, or other control actions (e.g. load connection), however, may establish global stability. Voltage Collapse: Following voltage instability, a power system undergoes voltage collapse if the post-disturbance equilibrium voltages near loads are below acceptable limits. Voltage collapse in the system may be either total (blackout) or partial. Voltage collapse is more complex than simple voltage instability leading to a low-voltage profile in a significant part of the power system. Other Relative Concepts Large-disturbance Voltage Stability: Large-disturbance voltage stability is concerned with a systems ability to control voltages following large disturbances such as system faults, loss of generation, or circuit contingencies. The study period of interest may extend from a few seconds to tens of minutes. Therefore, long-term dynamic simulations are required for analysis. Small-disturbance Voltage Stability: Small-disturbance voltage stability is concerned with a systems ability to control voltages following small perturbations such as incremental changes in system load. For such case, static analysis is effectively used. Relation of Voltage Stability to Rotor Angle Stability Voltage stability and rotor angle (or synchronous) stability are more or less interlinked. Transient voltage stability is often interlinked with transient rotor angle stability, and slower forms of voltage stability are interconnected with small-disturbance rotor angle stability. Voltage Stability is concerned with load areas and load characteristics. For rotor stability, we are often concerned with integrating remote power plants to a large system over long transmission lines. Voltage stability is basically load stability, and rotor angle stability is basically generator stability [6]. In a large interconnected system, voltage collapse of a load is possible without loss of synchronism of any generators. Transient voltage stability is usually closely associated with transient rotor angle stability. Long-term voltage stability is less interlinked with rotor angle stability. We can consider that if voltage collapses at a point in a transmission system remote from loads, it is an angle instability problem. If voltage collapses in a load area, it is possibly mainly a voltage instability problem. CHAPTER 3 STATIC VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTARY POWER SYSTEM Introduction of an Elementary Model: Radial System Simple radial system network is used to develop most of the concepts of the static voltage stability. Once basic concepts are understood, we can represent as much as appropriate in computer simulation, which will be carried out in Chapter 4. Figure 3.1 shows an equivalent circuit of the power system, and a model called radial system is formed to represent such power system, as shown in Figure 3.2. Figure 3.1 Equivalent Circuit of Power System Figure 3.2 Radial System Model The sending-end and receiving-end voltages are assumed to be fixed and can be interpreted as points in large systems where voltages are stiff or secure. The sending end and receiving end are connected by an equivalent reactance. Basic Analysis of Radial System Active Power Transmission Applying the radial system in Figure 3.2, the relations can be easily calculated: Similarly, for the sending end: The familiar equations for and are equal since we assume a lossless system, and maximum power transferred is at a power load angle equal to 90 degree. Note that the 90-degree maximum power angle is nominal, in other words, maximum power occurs at a different angle if we apply transmission losses or resistive shunt loads. And the case with impedance load at the receiving end will be discussed in section 3.2.2. Reactive Power Transmission In the study of the static voltage stability in power system, the transmission of reactive power is especially of interest. Usually we are interested in variable voltage magnitudes. Particularly, we are interested in the reactive power that can be transmitted across a transmission line, or a transformer as the receiving-end voltage sags during a voltage emergency or collapse. Considering the reactive power flow over the transmission line alone, we can write approximate formulas for Equations (3.3) and (3.5) in terms of small angles by using : From Equations (3.6) and (3.7), it can be observed that reactive power transmission depends mainly on voltage magnitudes and flows from the higher voltage to the lower voltage. Such observation, however, cannot be applied in the case of high stress, i.e. high power transfers and angles, where the angle is large enough and no longer approaches 1. This is important as voltage stability problems normally happen during highly stressed conditions. Difficulties with Reactive Power Transmission Reactive Power Transmission Behavior in Different Cases First of all, take an example of the radial system in Figure 3.2, assuming X=0.2 p.u. with varied values of voltage magnitude and angles, i.e. varied loading conditions. Applying Equations (3.3) and (3.5), and can be calculated as listed in the following table: Conditions (p.u.) (p.u.) (degree) (p.u.) (p.u.) Lightly loaded 1.10 1.00 10 0.634 0.416 Moderately loaded 1.05 0.90 20 1.072 0.390 Heavily loaded 1.00 0.80 50 2.429 -0.629 Table 3.1 Reactive Power Transmission in varied conditions From the table, it is clear that at higher loading, transmission lines are more difficult to transfer reactive power and reactive power cannot be transmitted across large power angles (the value of becomes negative in the case with a power angle of 50 degree). Minimizing Transfer of Reactive Power High angles are due to long lines and high real power transfers. It is therefore required to maintain voltage magnitude profiles with voltages of approximately 1 p.u.. Compared with real power transfers, reactive power cannot be transmitted across long distances. It has been observed that the greater distance of the reactive power sources from the reactive demand will lead to: [9] greater voltage gradient on the lines supplying the reactive power greater amount of required reactive power compensation more difficult to control the voltage level Another reason to minimize the transfer of reactive power is minimizing the real and reactive losses. The purpose to reduce real losses is due to economic reasons while minimizing the reactive losses can reduce investment in reactive devices such as shunt capacitors. As we know, the losses across the series impedance of a transmission line are and . For , we have: and Obviously, to minimize losses, we should minimize reactive power transfer and keep voltage high at the same time. Keeping voltage high to minimize reactive losses helps maintain voltage stability. In other words, reactive power should be generated close to the receiving end. Power Flow Analysis In a power system, powers are known rather than currents. Thus power flow analysis is backbone of static voltage stability studies. Power flow analysis, also known as load flow analysis, involves the calculation of power flows and voltages of a transmission network for specified terminals or bus conditions. Bus Classification In solving a power flow problem, a power system is supposed to be operating under balanced conditions and a single-phase model is used. Associated with each bus are four quantities: active power P, reactive power Q, voltage magnitude , and voltage angle. The following types of buses (nodes) are represented, and at each bus two of the above four quantities are specified: Voltage-controlled (P-V) buses: These buses are the generator buses. They are also known as regulated buses or P-V buses. For such kind of buses, the real power P and voltage magnitude are specified, while the reactive power Q and the voltage angle are unknown. Load (P-Q) buses: Load buses are also called P-Q buses as their real power P and reactive power Q are specified. The voltage magnitude and angle are to be determined. Slack (Swing) bus: Such bus is taken as reference of the whole power system. For a slack bus, the voltage magnitude and voltage angle are specified. As the power losses in the system are not known a priori, at least one bus must have unspecified P and Q. Thus the slack bus is the only bus with known voltage. This bus makes up the difference between the scheduled loads and generated power that are caused by the losses in the network [1]. Traditionally while analyzing, the voltage magnitude of slack bus is assumed to be 1 p.u. and the voltage angle is assumed to be 0 degree. Transmission Line Modeling The transmission line is traditionally represented with two types of models: nominal model and nominal T model, as shown in Figure 3.3 and Figure 3.4 where Z is the series impedance and Y is the shunt admittance due to the line charging capacitance. Neither nominal T or nominal à Ã¢â€š ¬ exactly represent the actual line, however, they brings great convenience in the power flow analysis, especially in the application of NEWTON-RAPHSON method, which will be discussed in the coming section. Figure 3.3 Nominal Model Figure 3.4 Nominal T Model NEWTON-RAPHSON Power Flow Method In order to include all the three types of buses (P-V bus, P-Q bus and slack bus as introduced in 3.3.1) at the same case, a 3-bus power system is considered as shown in Figure 3.5, where Bus 1 is the slack bus, i.e. and are specified as . Bus 2 is a voltage-controlled bus, i.e. and are known while and are unknown. Bus 3 is a load bus, i.e. and are known while and are unknown. Figure 3.5 3-bus Power System The network performance equation of such a sample is: where Applying the bus-loading equations: Now NEWTON-RAPHSON Power Flow Method can be approached as: P-V Curve Analysis P-V curve is useful for conceptual analysis of static voltage stability and for study of radial system, where P is the load in an area and V is the voltage at a critical or representative bus. Besides, P can also be the power transferred across a transmission interface or interconnection. Voltage at several busses can be plotted. Consider the radial system as shown in Figure 3.2. The receiving-end active power can be expressed as in the Equation 3.2. Then a P-V cueve can be plotted as in Figure 3.6, which shows relationship between P and V at the receving end for different values of load power factor and the locus of the critical operting point is shown by the dotted line. Nornally, only the operting points above the locus of the critical points represent satisfying operating condition. A sudden reduction in power factor or increase in Q can thus cause the system to change from a stable operating condition to an unsatisfactory and possibly unstable [10]. Figure 3.6 V versus P for different power factors [10] Q-V Curve Analysis Q-V curve is presently the workhorse method of voltage stability analysis at many utilities [6]. Considering the system in Figure 3.2, we can obtain reactive power both at sending end and receiving end, or and by means of Equation (3.5) and Equation (3.3). Then a Q-V cueve can be plotted as in Figure 3.7, which shows relationship between Q and V. The reactive power margin is the MVAr distance from the operating point to either the bottom of the curve, or to a point thaere the voltage squared characteristic if an applied capacitor is tanfent to the V-Q curve [6]. Additionally, the slope of the V-Q curve indicates the stiffness of the bus. Figure 3.7 Typical Q V Curve A New Method for Static Voltage Stability Analysis: P-Q-V Curve Analysis Introduction of MATLAB Software MATLAB is a numerical computing environment and fourth generation programming language. Developed by The MathWorks, MATLAB allows matrix manipulation, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs in other languages [18]. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation. This project greatly benefits from MATLAB to handle 3-dimension curve drawing for P-Q-V curve study, as well as the matrix manipulation associated with power flow analysis, 2-dimension curve plotting for P-V/Q-V curve study in the analysis of WSCC nine-bus system, which will be described in details in CHAPTER 4. P-Q-V Curve In this section, for convenience of forming an ideal voltage source, we assume the angle of the to be zero while the angle of to be degree. Then Equation 3.2 and 3.3 become: Noting that We can eliminate in Equations 3.16 and 3.17, which obtains or Obviously, with specified , and , Equation 3.19 shows relationship of , and . To work out such relationship visually, MATLAB is applied and a P-Q-V curve is obtained as below, where P stands for , Q stands for V stands for and E stands for . Refer to Appendix A for details on MATLAB codes, with the assumsion that E = 1 , X= 0.2 and the values of tan are chosen randomly as [-0.41, -0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.41, 1, 10, 100, 1000]. Figure 3.8 P Q V Curve CHAPTER 4 STATIC VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF WSCC NINE-BUS SYSTEM Introduction of WSCC Nine-bus System WSCC nine-bus system is a typical testing system develped by Western Systems Coordinating Council. It is commonly uesd in jornals and papers for power system studying. Figure 4.1 shows an overview of the WSCC nine-bus system. Refer to Appendix H for parameters of this system. Figure 4.1 Single Line Diagram of WSCC Nine-bus System Introduction of UWPFLOW Software For determining the static voltage stability of the WSCC nine-bus system, UWPFLOW software is used. This software has been developed by University of Waterloo, Canada, and distributed free on the Power Globe. It was written in C and runs under DOS and UNIX enviroments. It has no limitation on the system size other than those imposed by memory limitation in the corresponding enviroment, i.e. RAM and swap space in the UNIX and exrended memory in DOS [16, 20]. UWPFLOW is a research tool that has been designed to calculate local bifurcation characterized by a singularity in the power system Jacobian. This was developed based on power flow method. This software also generates a series of output files that allow further analysis. UWPFLOW reads AC power flow data in WSCC format [11] or IEEE common format [12], DC data in ETMSP format [13], FACTS devices data in s special format described in [14], and steady state load model data in OH format [15]. However in the present study IEEE common format data is used. Additional UN format data is required for bifurcation analysis, such as direction of generation change, direction of load change and maximum genertion limit [10]. The software assumes that one parameter the loading factor, is allowed to change. All steady state system controls remain operational unless otherwise specified by means of the software option. Introduction of POWERWORLD Software POWERWORLD Simulator is an interactive power system simulation package designed to simulate high voltage power system operation on a time frame ranging from several minutes to several days [17]. POWERWORLD provides a linear programming based optimal power flow package Simulator OPF, which ideally suits to do power flow analysis. Whats more, the planning-mode tool Simulator PVQV fulfills the need of Q-V curve drawing. Throughout the project, PowerWorld Simulator will be used to carry out power flow analysis and Q-V curve study of the twelve-bus case. Analysis of WSCC Nine-bus System Direct Method: Repeated Power Flow First of all, the WSCC nine-bus system in Figure 4.1 is built in UWPFLOW software. By running the system and increasing the loading level of step by step, attention will be focused on getting convergence and the maximum loading level. For loading direction, assume all the loads are increased by the same ratio, and only generator at Bus-1 is allowed to dispatch required additional real power. With the load P and Q increased simultaneously with the ratio of 10%, in the same loading direction, the bus voltages in per unit measurement are tabulated in Table 4.1. Couples of data points are collected near the system divergence point. Table 4.1 has shown that the system started to collapse (or diverge) at the point where all loads at the 3 load buses are increased in the same direction till 116%. Note that in Table 4.1, the starting point is denoted as 0% as there is no additional loads added, which is named as basic load. Then we can conclude from Table 4.1 that the maximum loading level for the WSCC nine-bus system is at additional of 116% loading direction on all 3 load buses. Load Increment (%) Bus5 Bus7 Bus9 P (MW) Q (Mvar) V (p.u.) P (MW) Q (Mvar) V (p.u.) P (MW) Q (Mvar) V (p.u.) 0 90 30 1.0129 100 35 1.0162 125 50 1.0261 10 99 33 1.0069 110 38.5 1.0105 137.5 55 0.9886 20 108 36 1.004 120 42 1.0053 150 60 0.981 30 117 39 0.9928 130 45.5 0.999 162.5 65 0.972 40 126 42 0.9846 140 49 0.993 175 70 0.9625 50 135 45 0.9753 150 52.5 0.9862 187.5 75 0.9516 60 144 48 0.9648 160 56 0.979 200 80 0.9394 70 153 51 0.953 170 59.5 0.9711 212.5 85 0.9257 80 162 54 0.9396 180 63 0.9626 225 90 0.9102 90 171 57 0.9242 190 66.5 0.9532 237.5 95 0.8923 100 180 60 0.9061 200 70 0.9428 250 100 0.8714 110 189 63 0.881 210 73.5 0.9239 262.5 105 0.84 112 190.8 63.6 0.8737 212 74.2 0.9167 265 106 0.83 114 192.6 64.2 0.8657 214 74.9 0.9087 267.5 107 0.8191 115 193.5 64.5 0.86 215 75.25 0.9024 268.75 107.5

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| | | About Us  |  HREA News  |  E-Learning | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Study Guides | | | Home > Learning Centre > Study Guides > Persons with disabilities | | | | | | | | | Human rights of persons with disabilities| | | | | | Introduction Rights at Stake International and Regional Instruments of Protection and Promotion National Protection and Service Agencies Advocacy, Educational and Training Materials Other ResourcesIntroductionDisability and persons with disabilities Persons with disabilities are entitled to exercise their civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights on an equal basis with others.Disability â€Å"summarizes a great number of different functional limitations occurring in any population in any country of the world. People may be disabled by physical, intellectual or sensory impairment, medical conditions or mental illness. Such impairments, conditions or illnesses may be permanent or transitory in nature. † (Standard Rules on the Eq ualization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities). Different expressions are used when referring to persons with disabilities. For example, the term â€Å"differently-abled persons† indicates that disability is not perceived as a deviation from the norm.The term â€Å"disabled persons† might be misinterpreted to imply that the ability of the individual to function as a person has been disabled. This guide uses the term â€Å"persons with disabilities†, which is consistent with the language used by the United Nations (UN). The UN estimates that there are 500 million persons with disabilities in the world today. This number is increasing every year due to factors such as war and destruction, unhealthy living conditions, or the absence of knowledge about disability, its causes, prevention and treatment.The majority of persons with disabilities live in less developed countries where people lack access to essential services such as health care. Moreover, the re exists a clear relationship between poverty and disability. The risk of impairment is greater for a family that lives in poverty, while and at the same time, a disabled family member places higher demands on the family's resources. Among persons with disabilities, the following form particularly vulnerable groups that face discrimination based on two grounds: women, children, elders, victims of torture, refugees and displaced persons, and migrant workers.For instance, women with a disability are discriminated against because of their gender and also because of their disability. Development of disability policy The work of the UN constitutes the most important actions taken by an international organization in the area of disability. Based on the International Bill of Rights, the UN formulated the first specific document regarding disabilities in 1971 in the Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons. Important other documents followed but none of them are legally bindi ng.The 1980s mark the main phase of activity regarding establishing international norms pertaining to persons with disabilities. In 1981, the General Assembly declared the first International Year of Disabled Persons. It was followed by the World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons in 1982 and the Decade of Disabled Persons 1983-1992. Throughout the 1990s all UN conferences dealt with disability rights and addressed the need for protective instruments (World Conference on Human Rights 1993, Fourth World Conference on Women 1995, Habitat II 1996).At present, the Ad Hoc Committee on Disabilities is involved in a process to create a convention that protects disabled persons on an international level. A high level of awareness is also demonstrated by the European Union, the year 2003 was declared as the European Year of People with Disabilities. Other important regional observances include the Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons (1993-2002), the African Decade of Di sabled People (2000-2009), and the Arab Decade of Disabled Persons (2003-2012). Back to Top] Rights at StakePersons with disabilities suffer from discrimination based on society's prejudice and ignorance. In addition, they often do not enjoy the same opportunities as other people because of the lack of access to essential services. International human rights law determines that every person has:1. The right of equality before law 2. The right to non discrimination 3. The right to equal opportunity 4. The right to independent living 5. The right to full integration 6.The right to securityPolicy regarding disabilities is often dominated by the notion of â€Å"equalization of opportunities†, which means that society must employ its resources in such a way that every individual, including persons with disabilities, has an equal opportunity to participate in society. [Back to Top]   International and Regional Instruments for Protection and PromotionInternational legal instrument s take the form of a treaty (also called agreement, convention, or protocol) that binds the contracting states to the negotiated terms.When negotiations are completed, the text of a treaty is established as authentic and definitive and is â€Å"signed† by the representatives of states. A state can agree to be bound to a treaty in various ways. The most common are ratification or accession. A new treaty is ratified by those states that have negotiated the instrument. A state that has not participated in the negotiations may, at a later stage, accede to the treaty. The treaty enters into force, or becomes valid, when a pre-determined number of states have ratified or acceded to the treaty.When a state ratifies or accedes to a treaty, that state may make reservations to one or more articles of the treaty, unless reservations are prohibited by the treaty. Reservations may normally be withdrawn at any time. In some countries, international treaties take precedence over national la w; in others a specific law may be required to give a ratified international treaty the force of a national law. Practically all states that have ratified or acceded to an international treaty must issue decrees, change existing laws, or introduce new legislation in order for the treaty to be fully effective on the national territory.The binding treaties can be used to force governments to respect the treaty provisions that are relevant for the human rights of persons with disabilities. The non-binding instruments, such as declarations and resolutions, can be used in relevant situations to embarrass governments by negative public exposure; governments who care about their international image may consequently adapt their policies. The following international instruments protect the rights of persons with disabilities.They mainly focus on protecting disabled persons from discrimination and creating equal opportunities for them to participate in society:UNITED NATIONSUniversal Declarat ion of Human Rights (1948) (article 3, 21, 23, 25) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948 and provides human rights standards accepted by all member states. The UDHR represents the normative basis that led to formulating the standards concerning persons with disabilities that exist today.In Article 25 (1) the UDHR specifically mentions the socio-economic rights of people with disabilities: the right to an adequate standard of living, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age. Article 7 guarantees equality before the law and equal protection by the law for all people, including against discrimination. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) (article 26) This treaty lists several rights that are relevant to disability.Article 26 states that all people are equal befo re the law and have the right to equal protection of the law. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) (article 2) The Covenant does not explicit refer to disability. However, disability can be included under â€Å"other status† in article 2 (2), which calls for non-discrimination on any grounds such as race and color, and â€Å"other status†. To more fully elaborate on the strategies for implementation of the rights set forth in the International Covenant onEconomic Social and Cultural Rights, the Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights — the monitoring body of the Covenant — issued:General Comment 5 (1994) This General Comment by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights formulates obligations of states to eliminate discrimination of persons with disabilities in the areas of equal rights for men and women (â€Å"double discrimination†) (article 3 of the ICESCR), work (ICESCR articles 6-8), social security (article 9), protection of the family (article 10), adequate standard of living (article 11), right to physical and mental health (article 12), right to education (articles 13 and 14) and the right to take part in cultural life and enjoy the benefits of scientific progress (article 15). Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons (1971) This declaration was proclaimed by the UN General Assembly and states that: â€Å"The mentally retarded person has, to the maximum degree of feasibility, the same rights as other human beings. â€Å"Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons (1975) This declaration adopted by the UN General Assembly is the first international document that tried to define the term â€Å"disability. † The Declaration includes a number of social and economic rights as well as civil and political rights.Declaration on the Rights of Deaf-Blind Persons (1979) Article 1 of the Declaration states that â€Å"†¦every deaf-blind person is entitled to enjoy the universal rights that are guaranteed to all people by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the rights provided for all disabled persons by the Declaration of the Rights of Disabled Persons. â€Å"Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (1979) (article 3) The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, usually abbreviated as CEDAW, does not include any specific article on disability rights, but aims to protect the rights of all women, whether disabled or not. Disabled women face double discrimination based on their gender and secondly, on their disability.In General Recommendation 18 the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, the monitoring body of the CEDAW convention, stresses that disabled women suffer from double discrimination and are a particularly vulnerable group. It recommends that governments provide information on disabled women in their period reports and on special measures th at governments have taken to ensure that women with disabilities â€Å"have equal access to education and employment, health services and social security, and to ensure that they can participate in all areas of social and cultural life. â€Å"A major outcome of the International Year of Disabled Persons (1981) was the formulation of the World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons (WPA) (1982).The WPA is a global strategy to enhance disability prevention, rehabilitation and equalization of opportunities, which pertains to full participation of persons with disabilities in social life and national development. The WPA also emphasizes the need to approach disability from a human rights perspective. Convention (No. 159) concerning Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) (1983) This treaty of the International Labour Organization (ILO), a UN specialized agency, obligates states to â€Å"formulate, implement and periodically review a national policy on voc ational rehabilitation and employment of disabled persons† (article 2).This treaty also emphasizes the principle of equal opportunity: â€Å"positive measures aimed at effective equality of opportunity and treatment between disabled workers and other workers shall not be regarded as discriminating against other workers† (article 4). Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) (article 2, 6, 12, 23, 28) This treaty lists disability as one of the grounds discrimination is prohibited on (article 2). In addition, article 23 directly addresses the rights of children with disabilities stating that disabled children are entitled to a â€Å"full and decent life† of dignity and participation in the community. Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illnesses and the Improvement of Mental Health Care (1991) This document adopted by the UN General Assembly sets detailed standards for the protection of persons with mental disabilities.It emphasizes that all per sons have the right to the best available mental health care and that persons with a mental illness shall be treated with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person. Individuals with mental disabilities also have the right to protection from economic, sexual and other forms of exploitation, physical or other abuse and degrading treatment. The Principles stipulate that there shall be no discrimination on the grounds of mental illness and that persons with a mental illness shall have the right to exercise all civil, political. In case a person lacks legal capacity due to his or her mental illness any decisions related to the well-being of this person shall be made only after a fair hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal established by domestic law.Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities (1993) Adopted by the General Assembly in 1993 in the aftermath of the Decade of Disabled Persons, the Standard Rules do not c onstitute a legally binding document for member states. However the Standard Rules are the most comprehensive set of human rights standards regarding disability police to date and represent â€Å"a strong moral and political commitment of Governments to take action to attain equalization of opportunities for persons with disabilities. † The document addresses preconditions for equal participation, target areas of equal participation, implementation measures and monitoring mechanisms.Implementation of the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities are monitored by the UN Special Rapporteur on Disability. The first Special Rapporteur, Bengt Lindqvist (Sweden), was appointed in 1994, and his mandate was renewed twice, in 1997 and 2000. In 2003, Sheikha Hessa Khalifa bin al-Thani (Qatar) was appointed as the Special Rapporteur. Beijing Declaration on the Rights of People with Disabilities (2000) This declaration was adopted at the World NGO Summit on Disability and calls for a higher standard of living, equal participation and the elimination of discriminatory attitudes and practices. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2007) This treaty was recently adopted and enters into force in May 2008. Back to Top] AFRICAN UNION (FORMERLY ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY, OAU)African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (1981) (article 18) The Charter contains article 18 (4) which states that disabled persons have the right to special measures of protection and article 16 (1) provides that every individual shall have the right to enjoy the best attainable state of physical and mental health. COUNCIL OF EUROPEThe Council of Europe is a regional intergovernmental organization consisting of 45 countries. It aims to defend human rights, parliamentary democracy and the rule of law. All members of the European Union also belong to the Council of Europe.The Council of Europe has not adopted any specific human rights tre aty on persons with disabilities, but created two important treaties that include the protection of disabilities rights:European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) (article 5) Article 5 of the Convention states that the right to liberty and security can be infringed upon on grounds of mental disability: â€Å"No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law: [†¦ ] the lawful detention of persons for the prevention of the spreading of infectious diseases, of persons of unsound mind, alcoholics or drug addicts or vagrants. European Social Charter (1961) (article 15) The Charter works as the counterpart to the Convention addressing social and economic rights, such as the right to work, or the right to social security. The Charter was the first human rights treaty to explicitly mention disability. In addition the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has adop ted several recommendations about policies regarding persons with disabilities:Recommendation (818) on the Situation of the Mentally Ill (1977) This document outlines recommendations regarding the protection of mentally ill persons in court, and the legislation rules on the confinement of mentally ill persons.Recommendation (1185) on Rehabilitation Policies for the Disabled (1992) This recommendation urges member states to ensure active participation in society and equal opportunities for disabled persons. Recommendation No. R(92)6 on a Coherent Policy for the Rehabilitation of People with Disabilities (1992) This instrument recognizes the rights of disabled persons to be different and focuses on the right to independent living and full integration into society. EUROPEAN UNIONThe European Parliament has adopted several resolutions referring specifically to the protection of disability rights. The Resolution on the human rights of disabled people (1995) urges the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union, to take steps to ensure equal opportunities for disabled persons.The Resolution on threats to the right to life of disabled persons (1996) seeks to protect the right to life and states that the European Parliament is â€Å"opposed to the practice of the active killing by doctors of patients in a persistent vegetative state and disabled new-born children. † Finally, the Resolution on the Commission's communication on equality of opportunity for people with disabilities (1997) recognizes that â€Å"there are 37 million disabled people in the European Union who do not enjoy full civil and human rights† and reminds member states of their responsibility to implement disability protection laws on the national level. In December 2000, the Council of Ministers of the European Union adopted a (binding) general Framework Directive on equal treatment in employment prohibiting direct and indirect discrimination on the grounds of religio n or belief, age, disability or sexual orientation.The Framework Directive is binding upon the current member states, while candidate member states are required to have completed national implementation of the Directive before joining the EU. ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS)American Convention on Human Rights (1969) (article 24) The Convention does not explicitly address the subject of disability, but contains the classical human rights guarantees. For example, Article 24 states the right to equal protection. Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the area of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (Protocol of San Salvador) (1988) (article 18) This treaty specifically that persons with disabilities are entitled to receive special attention in order to achieve the greatest possible development of his or her personality.It also obliges governments to implement special measures to facilitate the full integration of persons with disabilities. Inter-America n Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Persons With Disabilities (1999) This Convention aims to prevent and eliminate all forms of discrimination against disabled persons and to promote their full integration into society. [Back to Top]  National Protection and Service AgenciesSeveral countries such as the Australia, India, the United Kingdom and the USA have passed and implemented national anti-discrimination laws, guaranteeing full participation in society by persons with disabilities. In Australia, the Disability Discrimination Act was passed in 1992.The objectives of the Act are â€Å"to eliminate, as far as possible, discrimination against persons on the ground of disability in the areas of: work, accommodation, education, access to premises, clubs and sport; and the provision of goods, facilities, services and land; and existing laws; and the administration of Commonwealth laws and programs; and to ensure, as far as practicable, that persons with disabilities have the same rights to equality before the law as the rest of the community; and to promote recognition and acceptance within the community of the principle that persons with disabilities have the same fundamental rights as the rest of the community. † In India, two national instruments were passed, the Rehabilitation Council of India Bill and the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act. In the United Kingdom, the Disability Discrimination Act of 1995 aims to end the discrimination which many persons with disabilities face.The Act enumerates rights in the areas of employment, access to goods, facilities and services and buying or renting land or property. In the United States, civil rights law regarding persons with disabilities is based on a number of laws among which the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is the most important one. The ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in emp loyment, state and local government, public accommodations, commercial facilities, transportation, and telecommunications. Examples of further national legislation are the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and the Rehabilitation Act. Back to Top] Advocacy, Educational and Training MaterialsFor advocatesGuide to Disability Rights (and dealing with the system) This guide provides practical information on employment, free medication, social security benefits, special education, and tax benefits. Training Materials for Lawyers and NGOs on the European Convention on Human Rights and the rights of people with mental health problems and/or developmental disabilities (Mental Disability Advocacy Center, Budapest, 2002). This training manual was written for lawyers and NGOs attending training seminars organised by the Mental Disability Advocacy Center (MDAC) and partner NGOs during 2002.The materials are intended to provide insight into the European Convention on Human Rights and mental disability in Central and Eastern Europe. The goal of this manual is to provide an initial look into the human and civil rights of people with mental health and/or developmental disabilities in this region. Subsequently definitions of mental health problems and developmental disabilities are given here along with relevant articles of the European Convention on Human Rights and case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Council of Europe Committee for the Prevention of Torture. For teachersTen messages about children with disabilities (UNICEF) Practical tips for to help children with disabilities learn in a safe and equitable environment.The Disabled: â€Å"Making Our Own Charter† (by Richard Pierre Claude in: Popular Education for Human Rights: 24 Participatory Exercises for Facilitators and Teachers, HREA, 2000) This is a highly participatory and can be adapted to diverse settings and cultures. At the conclu sion of this exercise participants should be able to identify some of the special needs of persons with disabilities; justify identifying the needs and rights of the disabled in the form of a brief Preamble to a Charter for the Disabled; identify a series of human rights of the disabled that specifically reflect their needs and are not inconsistent with existing broader international and national rights standards; and adopt a plan of action to ensure that disable people learn about their human rights. [Back to Top]   Other ResourcesDisabled Persons and Human Rights European Year of People with Disabilities (2003)International Day of Disabled Persons Organisations advocating for and educating about the rights of persons with disabilities  Ã‚  | | | back to top| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Also available in:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Subscribe| | | | | | | | | Enter your email address to subscribe to HREA mailing lists. | | RSS Feeds| | | | | | | | | | | Related e-learning course| | | | | | The Rights of Persons with Disabilities| | | | | | | | | | Key terms| | | | | | Disability – a physical, mental, or sensory impairment, permanent or temporary, that limits the capacity to perform one or more essential activities of daily life | |Handicap – the loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the life of the community on an equal level with others. It describes the encounter between the persons with a disability and the environment. | | Rehabilitation – the process to enable disabled persons â€Å"to reach and maintain their optimal physical, sensory, intellectual, psychiatric and/or social functional levels†| | | | | | | | | | | â€Å"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights† Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1| | | | | | | | | | Some facts| | | | | | – in most countries, 1 out of 10 persons has a disability | | – more than half of world's persons with disabilities don't have access to essential services| | war and destruction, unhealthy living conditions, absence of knowledge about disability, its causes, prevention and treatment are factors that account for the rising number of and social exclusion of persons with disabilities| | – there is a clear link between poverty and disability| | | | | | | | | | | Historical dates| | | | | | 1817 – the American School for the Deaf, the first permanent school for the deaf in America, is founded in Hartford, Connecticut (USA)| | 1829 – Louis Braille invents the raised point alphabet that has come to be known as Braille| | 1848 – the first residential institution for people with mental retardation is founded by Samuel Gridley Howe in Boston (USA)| | 869 – the first wheelchair patent is registered with the U. S. Patent Office| | 1920s – first vocational rehabilitation programs to provide services to WWI veterans with disabilities| | 1948 – Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by UN General Assembly| | 1962 – Ed Roberts, quadriplegic paralyzed from the neck down due to childhood polio, achieves admission to the University of California at Berkeley (USA), a victory during the 1960s disability movement. | | 1971 – Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons| | 1973 – the first handicap parking stickers are introduced in Washington, D. C. (USA)| | 1975 – Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons| | 976 – passage of an amendment to Higher Education Act of 1972 in the USA provides services to physically disabled students entering college| | 1979 – the U. S Olympic Committee organizes its Handicapped in Sports Committee| | 1981 – UN General Assembly proclaims 1981 International Year of Disabled Persons| | 1982 – UN General Assembly adopts the World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons| | 1983 – ILO Convention (159) on Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons)| | 1983-1992 – Decade for Disabled Persons| | 1992 – UN General Assembly proclaims that 3 December every year be observed as the International Day of Disabled Persons| | 993 – UN General Assembly adopts the UN Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities| | 1993-2002 – Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons| | 1994 – First Special Rapporteur on Disability, Bengt Lindqvist appointed| | 2000-2009 – African Decade of Disabled Persons| | 2003 – European Year of People with Disabilities| | 2003-2012 – Arab Decade of Disabled Persons | | 2007 – UN General Assembly adopts the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities| | | | | | | | | | | This guide was developed by Anna Langenbach. Copyright  © Human Rights Education Associates (HREA), 2003. All rights reserved. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Accessibili ty | Copyright | Publications | RSS | Privacy | FAQs | | | |

Arnold Friend Essay

One of the big mysteries In Joyce Carol Oates’s â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?,† Is Arnold Friend the devil or not. Arnold Friend portrays the devil in many ways. In the story, Arnold friend is the devil, he went to Connie’s house and tries to get her to go for a ride with him and his friend Elli Oscar so, he can rape and kill her. Arnold Friend is none other than the devil himself, which shows in his appearance, his speech, his actions and supernatural psychic powers. Arnold Friend’s appearance is the main reason people think he is the devil. His hair is not natural looking â€Å"He placed his sunglasses on top of his head, carefully, as if he were indeed wearing a wig†. His hair is shabby and all over his head like he is wearing a wig to hide his devil horns. Arnold Friend’s eyes are another thing that is devilish. Arnold Friend’s eyes are very weird looking â€Å"He took off the sunglasses and she saw how pale the skin around his eyes was, like holes that were not in shadow but instead in light. His eyes were chips of broken glass that catch the light in an amiable way† Arnold Friend’s eyes look very weird as if he was some sort of demonic being. Arnold Friends other devilish characteristics include his nose and neck. Arnold Friend’s nose does not seem to be natural â€Å"The nose long and hawked-like, sniffing as if she were a treat† . Arnold Friend’s nose is not human like which means it must be the nose of the devil himself. Arnold friend’s neck is so different form a human neck â€Å"Even his neck looked muscular†. Arnold Friend’s neck seems to be the neck of a muscular animal which is a devilish characteristic which makes Arnold Friend the devil. In conclusion Arnold Fiend represented the devil because he was nothing, but trouble. His first words to Connie were â€Å"I’m Gonna get you, baby.† That can also represent Connie’s sexual desires because she continued to converse with him and seemed interested for the most part. He was there purely for sex and Connie was hesitating, but couldn’t resist his manipulation. You could also tell he was demonic because he knew a lot about her and walked in a really creepy way. He was evi l because he threatened to hurt Connie’s family which caused her to get inside the car. Arnold Friend also knew things about Connie that only she could  have known. He knows a lot of information about Connie, and he tells Connie what her family is doing at that same moment like some sort of psychic demon.

Analysis Of The Movie Defiance - 1050 Words

Defiance is a movie written, directed and produced by Edward Zwick. This movie’s setting is in Nazi occupied territory in Belarus during World War II. The storyline follows the Bielski brothers as they attempt to evade capture and fight for their lives, and over the course of the movie, the lives of twelve hundred other Jewish survivors on their quest for life, liberty and the new promised land. The film features Daniel Craig as Tuvia Bielski, Liev Schreiber as Zus Bielski, Jamie Bell as Asael Bielski and George MacKay as Aron Bielski. The film is based upon the novel Defiance: The Bielski Partisans written by Nechama Tec and is a true story s of survival during the Nazi occupation of eastern Europe. This is a gripping movie full of†¦show more content†¦The director pulls the viewer into the struggle to survive and what it feels like to be hunted like animals. Hearing of the dissident Bielskis, other Jewish refugees begin to come to join the camp. Unable to provide for themselves adequately, the brothers argue over how they will take care of a growing colony of people, Zwick builds in tension between the Bielskis in an ever increasing fashion leading the moviegoer to wonder when the breaking point will come - and that it does. Anyone with siblings can relate to this pressure cooker atmosphere when you have just had enough. There is a battle between savage and civility, both inside the camp and outside. The eldest Bielski sets the tone for the behavior for those within his camp stating, â€Å"[w]e may be hunted like animals, but we will not become animals† (Zwick, Defiance). Tensions continue to rise to the point of an altercation, leading to a separation in the Bielski clan - Zus joins the Russian army rebels who are also hiding out in the forest. The director shows the stark difference between the brothers when it comes to taking a life, Tuvia going out of his way not to pull the trigger and Zus not hesitating one second. Both are le aders but with differing views of what being a leader means. The winter came, and brought with it sickness, strife, starvation, death and more Jewish refugees. Many undertones are laid equating Tuvia to MosesShow MoreRelatedHistorical Investigation to Prove Accuracy in the Film, Defiance1792 Words   |  7 Pagesassesses how accurate the film â€Å"Defiance† was in portraying the experiences of Bielski Otriad. In order to understand how accurate the film â€Å"Defiance† was, research has to be done to investigate specific internal and external situations the Bielskis faced during World War II in the forests of Belarus. Assessing the differences and the similarities in both the movie and the documentary will be the method used to analyse. The method that will be used in the analysis will explain the dThe main sourcesRead MoreGender Roles Are Becoming Increasing More Malleable1296 Words   |  6 PagesThese acts demonstrate her defiance, which is not generally the trai t of a princess, unless it is directed towards the father. Merida’s defiance is more so directed at everybody. Due to this, she is not one to follow the rules. She breaks the rules, and tries her best to get away with it, to little avail. Her three younger brother, however, â€Å"could get away with murder† (Brave). The three young brothers do whatever they please, with very few consequences. A gender analysis of this gives the idea thatRead MorePsychological Analysis Of Harry Potter And The Sorcerer s Stone1778 Words   |  8 Pages A Psychological Analysis of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone Jeremy LaPointe 11-4 AP Psychology 4th Block Many people are familiar with the Harry Potter series and the conflicts the wizard faces throughout the series. I choose to focus on psychological principles from the first movie which are more focused on the start of Harry’s interaction with the wizarding world. The movie begins by showing the horrible way Harry is treated by his Aunt and Uncle, the Dursleys. Harry beginsRead MoreMovie Analysis: a Walk to Remember904 Words   |  4 PagesMOVIE ANALYSIS: A WALK TO REMEMBER A Walk To Remember is a romantic movie based on a novel by Nicholas Sparks. It is a 2002 Warner Bros film which starred the 90s pop singer Mandy Moore as the demure, religious, and bookish Jamie Sullivan and punk rock musician Shane West as the popular but rebellious Landon Carter. Directed by Adam Shankman, the story is set in the small town of Beaufort, North Carolina. Landon and his entourage of hooligans have an initiation ritual which, as usual, involvedRead MoreSin Nombre Movie Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION The movie I chose to do my movie analysis on was Sin Nombre. I chose this movie because it stood out to me the most, mainly because of the title in Spanish. I used four concepts while analyzing this epic movie. First I applied the power elite theory to see who had the power in this power city and how they used their power. Then I used the social conflict theory to see what caused the people to get into the gangs and how the gangs acted to the people. The socialization theory is shownRead MoreEssay Vaccinations Should Be Mandatory For All Children1534 Words   |  7 Pagesrates dropped from 93.5% to 90.6%, tetanus, whooping cough and diphtheria rates dropped from 87.2% to 85.4% in 2009. (Kluger) Why are vaccination rates dropping so significantly? Pediatrician Dr. Robert Frenck says â€Å"Very articulate, very good-looking movie stars or personalities †¦ are giving out information about how bad vaccines are,† People are now relying more heavily on blogs, talk shows, and the rumor mill for their medical advice. People now believe that vaccinations cause autism (Kluger). EvenRead MoreAmong New American Ghost Cinema, one can witness the re-emergence of an interesting sub-genre: the1500 Words   |  6 Pageson humankind’s senses of truth and what our society represses or oppresses. Both Habermas’ essay â€Å"The Public Sphere† and Wood’s â€Å"Introduction to the American Horror Film† touch on the inner workings of the public’s mind. With these essays and an analysis of these films, I will be able to propose theories working towards a mode of critical engagement with the success of The Blair Witch Project. It is then that we will connect it to the wider social and political jungle surrounding America as it stoodRead MoreSummary Of Colloque De Chiens And Man With A Movie Camera1715 Words   |  7 Pagesgroundbreaking experimental documentary Man with a Movie Camera find common ground in their strategic use of motion and stasis. Ruiz’s Colloque de Chiens is a film that is the product of its circumstances. Made on an extremely low budget during a strike in the production of Ruiz’s 1978 film The Suspended Vocation, the film is an experiment in delivering a convoluted story through an extremely limited means—still images. Vertov’s Man with a Movie camera, in contrast, is an experiment in pushing filmRead MoreEssay on Feminine Beauty921 Words   |  4 Pagesgaining recognition of their equality then how they looked. Woman felt beauty came from with in and was not a product one could buy. Attractiveness was being strong and powerful: In the late 1910s and early 1920s female athletes began to ellipse movie starts as the nations beauty archetypes (Faludi 204) This seems due to the Womens movements influence at the time. Yet when the late 1920s are analyzed one sees a different occurrence. After women achieved the vote in 1920 women, it seems, feltRead MoreBraveheart Figurative Language1522 Words   |  7 Pages Wu 1 Raymond Wu Instructor: Ian Patrick Cresswell English 100 – 03 22 March 2016 MLA Braveheart Speech: In-depth Analysis Regarding Figurative Language Braveheart is a historical drama epic film from 1995. The film was nominated for ten Academy Awards and won five. The film is non-fictional and depicts the events of William Wallace, a Scottish hero who led the Scots during the First War of Scottish Independence against England. However, despite the historical inaccuracies cited by critics