Summarize the content of the BBC article titled 'Is language unique to Essay

Sum up the substance of the BBC article named 'Is language interesting to people's - Essay Example What offered ascend to language in people is the need to speak to human ‘action’. Past this utilitarian reason, through transformative components language has now formed into a device for creative mind and unique idea. A few types of whales, monkeys, flying creatures and reptiles have been appeared to impart utilizing their language of signs. However, this tangible based correspondence can't be viewed as language. A language framework is distinguished through the segments of words, consistent expressions, complete sentences and a lot of syntax rules. While clearly parrots can retain many words and expressions, they are unequipped for making sentences all alone. Moreover the scholarly limits of higher gorillas are not adequate for them to envision using language. To this degree, language is an interestingly human component. Our language permits us to compose glorious verse, similarly as it permits us to compose illogical (yet linguistically right)

Affirmative Action in Employing Women and Minorities :: Affirmative Action Equality Essays

Governmental policy regarding minorities in society Thesis: Although numerous individuals accept that governmental policy regarding minorities in society is a type of prejudice, it is really used to assist minorities with discovering work in an in any case supremacist world. â€Å"In the United States, equity is a repetitive subject. It has flared into an intense good issue at essential phases of American history: The progressive and Jacksonian Period, and the New Deal. In every time, the authenticity of American culture is tested by some arrangement of individuals discontent with the level of equality† (Verba and Orren). Following the Civil War, Congress passed various laws intended to put previous slaves on an equivalent level with white individuals. The Fourteenth Amendment made the freedmen resident and disallowed states from authorizing any law which removed the privliges of any resident, denying men of life, freedom, or property without fair treatment of the law, or prev ented men equivalent assurance from claiming the laws. In 1875, Republican lion's share in Congress, mindful that reproduction would before long end, passed a common right act to make sure about by law similarity to fairness for Black Americans (Urofsky 19). Many white Americans truly didn't care for the possibility of uniformity for the Black Freedmen. â€Å"Gideon Welles, who had been winning estimation when he wrote in 1871: ‘Thank God servitude is abrogated, however the Negro isn't, and never can be the equivalent of the white man. He is of a mediocre race and should consistently remain so’†(Urofsky 23). The preeminent court concurred and in 1883 passed the Civil Rights act which weakened quite a bit of th! e assurance of the Fourteenth Amendment. Equity Joseph Bradely deciphered the authorization arrangement of the change as carefully medicinal; â€Å"congress has the ability to cure a biased state law, yet couldn't find a way to shield blacks from differen t types of prejudice† (Urofsky 21). Because of this choice, the central government made no move to battle prejudice in the nation until the subsequent universal war (Urofsky 22). Since hatred kept on expanding inside the dark networks and as a result of the danger of a walk on Washington, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave an official request on June 25, 1941. This request guided African Americans to be acknowledged into work preparing programs in safeguard plants. The request additionally expressed that separation would not be excepted by bosses holding safeguard contracts. It additionally set up a reasonable business practice commissions to explore charges of racial separation.

Buy Essays Online: Flaws of Society and Man Revealed in Odyssey

Imperfections of Society and Man Revealed in Odysseyâ â Â Â â Society is conformed to ethics, however society is destroyed by the defects of the citizens.â Man has made considerable progress since the hour of Homer, yet there are as yet numerous imperfections conspicuous in man, which ties man to society and society to man.â Homer uses Odyssey to address and dissect these blemishes of society and man, for example, man's doubting soul, man's endurance dependent on others' adversity, and man's inclination to increase dishonorable help through pity.â These indecencies are general, and nobody, not even the immortals, may dispose of them.â Â â â â â â â â â â One of the fundamental blemishes with man is their doubting spirit.â Even Odysseus himself, is wary of others when others have not yet demonstrated their trust.â Since Calypso has not yet demonstrated her trust to Odysseus, Odysseus doesn't feel that he should believe her in any event, when her expectations are pure.â Because of his doubt, when Calypso was intended to send Odysseus on his way, he committed to Calypso make a vow and says, I will never, despite what you state, set foot upon a pontoon till you assent, goddess, to swear a serious vow that you are not importance to plot me further woe(48).â Even with Calypso simply being a delegate of the divine beings, Odysseus despite everything won't put his trust in her.â In request to permit himself to rely upon Calypso, he should be guaranteed by the divine beings that Calypso implies no harm.â Â â â â â â â â â â Along with individuals demonstrating their trust, Odysseus removes the trust he sets in others and the divine beings when he is suspicious of himself.â Once Odysseus encounters self-question, at that point he experiences a psychological procedure wherein nobody might be trusted.â This can be beaten once a divine being causes Odysseus to have confidence in himself again.â One of the most conspicuous ... ...s of mankind.â It is then sensible to infer that the immortals themselves have defects too, for in the event that they were great, at that point wouldn't they make the humans flawless too?â If debased man is reliant on the degenerate divine beings, at that point how could society ever be a perfect world? Works Cited and Consulted Crane, Gregory , Calypso: Backgrounds and Conventions of the Odyssey,â Frankfurt, Athenaeum 1988. Heubeck, Alfred, J.B. Hainsworth, et al. A critique on Homer's Odyssey. 3 Vols. Oxford PA4167 .H4813 1988. Homer (Translated by Robert Fagles. Introduction by Bernard Knox). The Odyssey. New York: Viking Penguin, div. of Penguin Books, Ltd. 1996. Rengakos, Antonios. Homertext und bite the dust Hellenistichen Dichter. Hermes. Einzelschriften, Heft 64. Stuttgart, F. Steiner, 1993. Van der Valk, Marchinus. Literary Criticism of the Odyssey. Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff, 1949.

How do We Define a Citizen ? Essay -- Expository Definition Essays

Residents Must Fulfill Obligations and Duties to the Community In our ever-changing world how would we characterize a resident? Peter J. Gomes in his discourse, Metro Virtue and the Character of Followship characterizes a resident as ...one who has a place and one who has commitments (206). He includes a resident has ... the idea of having a place, having a personality of which one is glad and by which one is characterized and having a commitment to share and serve for benefit of that more prominent great (206). The Webster's New World Dictionary characterizes a resident as an individual from a country by birth or naturalization, yet a resident is more than that. A resident not just has rights and benefits; he is a pleased, contributing citizen. I characterize a resident as one who comprehends and satisfies his commitments and obligations to his locale. Enthusiasm, love of nation, is a perfect that each resident ought to have. I realize that many oppose this idea. They think indicating enthusiasm approaches egotism, arrogance and communicates something specific that we are better than every other person. I oppose this idea. After the assaults of September 11, our country encountered a flood of energy. We were not only people living among one another; we were Americans. We were glad to declare to the world that America is the best country on the planet. We were demonstrating adoration and backing for the thoughts that America represents: opportunity, singular rights, and resistance. In any event, when we are not in concurrence with the strategies of our administration, we as residents of the United States can be glad that in our nation we reserve the privilege to transparently differ with those arrangements. To be esteemed resident requires more from us than simply feeling pride for our country; citizenship likewise conveys with it obligations and respo... ...out change will become alright. John F. Kennedy said all that needed to be said in his debut address: Ask not what your nation can accomplish for you, however what you can accomplish for your nation. Works Cited Gomes. Diminish. J. Urban Virtue and the Character of Followship: A New Take on an Old Expectation. The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 205-212. Kennedy. John. F. 1965 Presidential Inaugural Address. Washington, D.C. 11 Jan.1965. InforTrack (Expanded Academic ASAP). Howard Community College Library, Columbia, MD. 22 Oct. 2002. <http://www.galegroup.com/>. Ushkow. Mike. Turnout Ups, Downs. Campaigns and Elections. December/January V22. (2002): 10. InfoTrack (Expanded Academic ASAP). Howard Community College Library, Columbia, MD. 18 Oct. 2002. <http://www.galegroup.com/>.

Rational thinking in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sound speculation in Business - Essay Example No business can exist long in the market utilizing nonsensical strategies or considerations. This paper clarifies the significance of reasonable deduction in business. â€Å"A thought, conviction or mentality is discerning to the degree that it fulfills five standards: It is predictable with the realities or the goal reality; It helps protect ones life and wellbeing; It encourages one accomplish ones short and long haul objectives; It causes one stay away from undesirable clash; It causes one feel the way one needs to feel† (Alexander) In business destinations are significant. Each activity in a business arrangement is accomplished for acquiring certain business goals. These goals are feasible just if the activities were upheld with realities and rationales. For instance it isn't feasible for a development business gathering to contribute intensely at present in view of the monetary downturn going on. The way that individuals are hesitant these days in spending more on land division is the levelheaded or actuality behind such considerations. Then again a similar business gathering can consider overwhelming venture once they see confirmations of progress in monetary circumstances for accomplishing their drawn out objectives. â€Å"Healthy reasonable reasoning requires; a sufficient capacity to focus, persistence and the capacity to center, to watch, decipher, see and thusly create logic† (Yahya). In business, the capacity to watch and center is significant in seeing and deciphering the issues effectively. The right translation of the issue is significant in discovering right arrangements. For instance, a business official who wrongly decipher the market, in view of gossipy tidbits and assessments of others may neglect to take sound and solid rulings for the association. Sane reasoning is the most widely recognized critical thinking techniques in business. For instance in a business association, the chief needs to pass judgment on the exhibitions of the laborers dependent on their abilities or capacities. A normally figuring administrator will take activities against an

Tips for Using Indeed.com to Job Search Guide to Indeed Jobs, Salary Information and Resume Posting

Tips for Using Indeed.com to Job Search Guide to Indeed Jobs, Salary Information and Resume Posting When it comes to succeeding in your job hunt, you have to use all the tools you can get your hands on. In order to boost your chances, it’s a good idea to utilize different job platforms with Indeed.com being one of the world’s biggest.The platform was launched in 2004 and it has over 200 million monthly users in 60 different countries around the world. It allows employers to list directly with its platform or you might find job postings the site has scouted from across the web on the platform.In this guide, you’ll learn how to:Register with the platformUse it to search for jobsLook for salary informationUpload your resume on the platform for employers to find it.HOW TO REGISTER WITH INDEEDTo make the most of the jobsite, you definitely want to make an account with them. Note that this isn’t mandatory â€" you can search jobs without an account.But by registering with the site, you will find it easier to make the most of the different functions.Registering with Indeed is simpl e and it’s free! Here is a step-by-step guide to creating an account with the platform:Visit indeed.com and click the Sign In button on the top right corner of the front page.You’ll see an option to sign in and below it a text that says, ”Not a member? Create an account free”. Click that hyperlink.You then have two options for creating the account:Fill in the information by yourself:Your email address (you need to re-type it)Your desired passwordRegister with your Google or Facebook account by clicking the chosen optionYou might have to check your email and click a confirmation link, especially if you signed manually.Your account is now created and you can start using the services.Now, next time you want to use the service you can click the Sign In button at the top corner and log in with your account information.If you ever feel like getting away from the platform for good, you can close your account. Simply sign in and click on the “Close my Account” link.You will them notice a confirmation window asking if you really want to close your account. If you do, you can click the “OK” button. The action is irreversible but you can always create a new account â€" the old information, along with the CVs just won’t be available.USING INDEED JOBS EFFECTIVELYThe online platform has plenty of tools to help you find jobs. If you want to ensure your job hunt is as effective as possible, here are tips on how to use the Jobs section.How to use the search to find jobsIndeed has thousands of job postings available for a range of industries. Finding the job postings that are the best match for you is important â€" it saves you time and money.Find jobs and narrow your searchStart by using the website to find your dream jobs. When you are on the front page, you will see a big box in the centre asking for what kind of jobs you are looking for. Here are the steps to perform a quick search:Click the What box and type a description of the job you want. You can writ e the job title, the employer’s name or a specific skill here.Click on the Where box and type in the city, the state/province/country or the postal code where you’d like the job to be.Press Enter on your keyboard or click the Find JobsThe search engine will conduct the search based on your criteria and present you with job postings. You’ll see how to examine results next.However, you can also refine your search further.On the home page, right below the Find Jobs button, there is a link saying Advanced Job Search. Click on this to open up the page for advanced search settings.This tool will allow you to refine your search by:A list of wordsThe exact phraseExcluded wordsTypes of jobs â€" part-time or full-time and so onJobs from other sources â€" excluding staffing agenciesSalary estimatesDate job was publishedLocation-based on certain parametersYou can set any filters you like and when you are done, you can click the Find Jobs button in the lower right corner.You’ll receive r esults based on your specifications. Below you can find more tips for using the search functions.Examine the resultsWhen you click the Find Jobs button, you’ll be taken to a site outlining all the Indeed job postings that match your criteria. The list will show the following things:The job titleThe company nameThe location of the jobA brief job descriptionIf you want to learn more about any particular role, you can click the bold job title. This will open a more detailed job description of the job in a separate window. So, you can click open all the roles you’re interested in.On the new page, you can view a more detailed job description and the required qualifications for the role. There’s also the option to apply for the given role.Apply for your chosen jobsWhen it comes to applying on the Indeed platform, you can two options. Each job listing will explain in detail how the process works, but here are some tips for understanding the process.If your chosen job posting includes a red text that says “Easily Apply”, it means you are able to apply directly through Indeed.com. This text should be right beneath the job title and other information.This text means that when you click the Apply Now button at the bottom of the job posting, you can immediately send your application to the role.When you click the button, you will receive a popup page that allows you to upload your resume and cover letter. If you are signed with Indeed and logged in, your contact information and resume will already be included in the application. Just follow the instructions and your application will be sent in a matter of minutes.If you can’t see the red text “Easily Apply” at the end of the posting, you will find an application button that’ll take you away from the Indeed page and to the site where you can apply.This often means the company’s own website. You will find an application system there that’ll help you upload your resume.Top tips for using the searchHere are three simple tips for making the most out of your Indeed job search. You should:Narrow down your search as much as possible. The Advanced Job Search function is worth it and you want to define your ideal job as much as possible. This ensures you only get relevant job postings in terms of your qualifications and that you don’t waste time browsing through hundreds of job opportunities.Enclose phrases with quotation marks. Indeed uses keyword search, which means that if you search for “marketing manager”, you’ll get results that contain at least one of those words. To avoid this, you should use quotation marks around your search words to ensure you only receive results on the actual phrase. In this case, only job postings with the words “marketing manager” mentioned together.Remove things you hate to do from search. If you dislike a specific task or you aren’t qualified to perform something specific, you definitely want to limit these types of roles from showing. On t he Advanced Job Search page, you can do this listing your chosen words in the section “with none of these words”. For example, if you are looking for entry-level jobs, you might want to exclude the words “previous experience”.Sign up for job notificationsIt’s also a good idea to use the notification functionality on the platform.This ensures you never miss a job posting that matches your search criteria.The system will alert you to these jobs and therefore, helps you apply to them as soon as possible without you having to search for roles each time.Once you’ve registered with the service, you should log in and head down to the My Subscriptions page. You can find it on the top right corner of the page when you are signed in. Click it and allow the platform to send you a daily email notification with recommendations based on your job search criteria.You can also set job alerts by conducting a job search normally. When you’ve searched for jobs, you will notice a button on the right side of the page saying “Get new jobs for this search by email”.This will ask for your email address (if not signed in) and after you’ve clicked on the activation email, you will start receiving alerts within 24 hours.The My Subscription page will allow you to manage each job alert and it is possible to temporarily pause them. You can also edit or delete your alerts altogether.CHECKING SALARY INFORMATIONYou can also use the indeed platform to clever company research. The platform is a great place to find salary information for specific companies and industries.This can be useful when applying for jobs, preparing for salary negotiations or thinking about your career progression.You can search for salary information based on:The companyThe specific roleIn order to search salary information on the platform you need to:Go to the Indeed.com homepage.On the top centre, you’ll find a link that says Find Salaries. Click on it.Write the job title or the employer’s name i nto the search field and click Search.You’ll go to a page that displays information regarding your search function.For example, if you searched for ‘registered nurse’, you will see the average salary for a registered nurse in your country. You can see a drop-down selection that allows you to change the location.It will also give a view of reported salary dispersion and showcase the most popular employers for that specific role, including what’s the average pay in that organization.If you searched for an employer, such as Apple, you will be able to view average reported salaries for the different roles in the organization.There are Location and Job Title drop-down categories for narrowing the salary information.This employer page will also include a short About page about the company, as well as Employee Reviews. You can also find available Job Opportunities with the employer, ask questions in the QA section and see user-generated Photos.POSTING YOUR RESUME ON INDEED.COMIf yo u’ve been job-hunting for a while or done it previously, you know it can take quite a bit of time.A clever way to save time is by having your resume readily available on the Indeed platform â€" in fact, displaying it as part of your profile could even help employers to find you.You have to options in terms of having a resume. You can either:Upload your resume directly to the platform, orUse the resume creator on the site to write one.The resume you upload can also be private or public.Private resumePublic resumeIt won’t be visible to employers but it will be available to attach automatically to a job application.The benefit of private resume: Good if you’re already employed and you don’t want your current employer to find out you’re looking for jobs.Employers can view the resume when they search for candidates.The benefit of public resume: Hiring managers can reach out to you and suggest roles you might not have otherwise noticed.No matter which option you choose, you will be able to conduct the following functions:You can view your resume and edit it at any time.You can download the resume as PDF, RTF, TXT, HTML and Word.You can share your resume with employers.You can use it to apply for jobs.How to upload your resumeIf you want to upload your existing resume on the platform, you need to do follow these simple steps:Sign in and you’ll see a link called CV in the top right corner once you’ve logged on.Select the Upload CV by clicking it.Find your CV from your files and upload it on to the system.Edit your resume if needed.Click on the View Resume button and you’ll see the final version of the resume.Click the Save button and your resume will be uploaded into the system.How to create a resume on the platformYou can also create your resume from scratch. Again, when you’ve signed in you can click the CV link on the top right corner of the page and follow the steps below:Select the Create CV by clicking it.You will be asked to fill in informatio n in the following three sections:Profile â€" including contact information and other personal details.Work â€" including previous employers and description of duties.Education â€" including degree details.You will then be able to include other sections, with Indeed suggesting sections such as Skills, Awards and Honors.Keep editing the different sections as you wish.Click View Resume to view the final version of the resume.When you are satisfied with your resume, click Save and the resume will be uploaded into the system.Deleting your resume from IndeedIf you find your ideal job and you want to remove your resume from the Indeed system altogether, you can do so. Log into your account and view your CV under the CV link on the top right corner.On the right-hand sidebar, you can see a link “Remove your CV”. Click on it and your resume will be permanently removed from the system â€" remember to have a copy if it’s your only copy!Before you remove your CV, remember you can always e dit it or upload another one to your account.USING INDEED DURING YOUR JOB HUNTIndeed.com is a great tool for job hunting. The platform has many jobs, its search functionality is straightforward and you can make the process easier by uploading your resume into the system.The platform isn’t just handy for finding and applying for jobs; you can also use it during your job search to learn more about companies.It will also be a valuable help when entering salary negotiations â€" either when you are applying for a new job or conducting promotion negotiations.Indeed’s popularity means you will find plenty of job postings on the site. Of course, this can mean that you’ll be competing with many other applicants â€" you had better make sure your resume and cover letter stand out!

The White Tiger and Its Critics A Survey of Recent Responses - Literature Essay Samples

Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger is a representation of the India that is not often displayed among the media. It is an India that, in its core, incorporates all aspects of political, social and economic injustice. Balram Halwai, the protagonist, lives in a world of two extremities: the downtrodden poor and the conniving rich. The somewhat obscure portrayal of India raises questions among widely accredited critics on whether Adiga’s India is a true one or not. It is, however, quite likely that the ‘ugliness [of India] is exaggerated’ and not at all like the monstrosity in The White Tiger. Where several critics believed they ‘could not relate to the destitution’ demonstrated in the novel, many others held the idea that it brought the ‘true India’ to light. The White Tiger’s convoluted take on an India lacking a decent political atmosphere has been condemned by various big names. The poor are so inanely poor that they are forced to work away their lives repaying their debts. Akash Kapur of the New York Times speaks of an absolute ‘absence of human complexity’ in the novel. The countless hours spent describing the depravity of the lower class in The White Tiger has reduced them to only ‘symbols’. Adiga has seemingly attempted to base the story entirely on the brutalities of the poor, however, forgetting that they are indeed humans with a very real kind of humanity. The novel is considered to have displayed a version of the ‘lives of poor rural Indians’ that is quite a ‘brutal distortion’. Adiga’s descriptions of Bihar are rather mocking and not at all like how the town is characteristically known as. He has turned the Bihar found in the novel into a ‘cheap caricature ’ of the original. It is not a necessity to ‘idealize poverty’ in order to find the humanity within individuals and this is an idea Adiga has a hard time resonating with. In stark contrast, The Independent’s David Mattin appears to be quite oddly ‘seduced’ by the aura of the novel. He is acceptant of Adiga’s India and follows the novel word to word as should be expected for a writer at a liberal newspaper. The ‘dazzling narrative’ of this ‘emerging’ India comprises of an entirely desolate landscape of distrust and disgust. The poor have no opportunities handed to them and the only way for them to make it out in the world is by crossing the line of good and evil. Upon having crossed the only boundary separating them from acts of utter horror, the downtrodden are no longer so and have instead found a life of privilege that is associated with an ultimate lack of morals. As Robins of The Telegraph states in his review, ‘advancement can be achieved only by patronage and corruption’. In a world like Balsam’s, one must break off all barriers and become removed from the orthodox morality in attempts to succeed. Balram Halwai is a man of no regards and absolutely no morality. Adiga has, in his attempt to make the novel comical, forgotten to give Balram attributes that make him more than a ‘one-dimensional’ figure. Balram is reduced to his more alarming actions rather than becoming a man of depth. The novel seems to forgo the fact that the characters are meant to hold depth and complexity. Kapur explains how although Balram is quite the interesting fellow, ‘his credulousness and naivetà © often ring false’. Balram’s apparent astonishment in response to the sight of English liquor and the insides of an air-conditioned mall does not exactly make much sense. The characters of the novel are so insanely eccentric that their actions often do not add up, instead making them appear to be shallow and superficial. In The White Tiger, Adiga has built an India reasonably different to what is revealed in the media. His India is one of impoverishment and disparity among the classes. This India is one without the bourgeois society; it is one of ‘darkness’ and ‘light’. There is no way to truly confirm whether Adiga’s vision of India is true, unless one were to truly seek the answer out within the country itself. The novel’s dry wit diminishes the value of the characters and makes them out to be nothing short of symbols. The economic state of the country is one of immense corruption. The India Adiga reveals is one that leaves a mark on the reader. It is an India that is unforgettable.

Essay about The Epic Poem Omers by Derek Walcott - 959 Words

In the epic poem Omeros by Derek Walcott is a literary piece that calls for a lot of attention. This poem can be dangerously confusing at time because it is written in a universe that has so many different things going on. Omeros is a racial, ethnic, and political poem that captivates the reader for a couple of reasons. Wolcott intentionally doesn’t put the poem in anytime of chronological order. He uses many different cultures/religions such as African gods, Greek gods, Caribbean gods, and the Christian God. Wolcott talks about complexity of being both Afrocentric, Eurocentric and shows how these principles/ideologies distract us as human beings. His characters show signs of displacement in society trying to assimilate between culture and†¦show more content†¦Walcott takes the hardships of one race and makes them applicable to almost everyone. An example of this would be of Achille who struggles to find his cultural identity even though he has his racial identity. I n his metaphorical trip to Africa and ends up talking to his father about how he lost himself. â€Å"[Afolabe] Achille. What does that name mean? I have forgotten the one that I gave you. But it was , it seems, many years ago. What does it mean? [Achille] Well, I to have forgotten. Everything was forgotten, you also. I do not know. The deaf sea has changed around every name that you gave us, trees, men, we yearn for a sound that is missing. [Afolabe] A name means something. The qualities desired in a son, and even a girl-child; so even the shadows called you expected one virtue, since every name is a blessing, since I am remembering the hope I had for you as a child. Unless the sound means nothing. Then you would be nothing. Did they think you were nothing in that other kingdom? In this quote Walcott takes the pain of Achilles not knowing who he is and combines it with the loss of his ancestral history, ultimately showing the wound history has created. By Achille not knowing what his name meant he had no place in society. The idea of the name is important in both Eurocentric and Afrocentric cultures but also applicable to many other cultures. Naming in the Americas for slaves illustrated slavery thus Afolabe saying to Achille the slave

The Invention Of The World Wide Web - 1674 Words

Ever since the creation of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, there have been many questions that have arisen about the invention and the effects of it. From people trying to figure out how to use it and connect it from one place to another, to wondering if it were safe, there have always and will continue to be questions about the great creation. As time has passed and the web has gotten more sophisticated, more questions are constantly brought up wondering how safe the internet is for the users. Those users ranging from businesses that use the web to gather consumers to the casual user who roams leisurely through the web for various reasons. In this day and age where the web is such an essential part of life, there are many concerns with who controls the web, who and what people post on the web, and filtering the web and not allowing users to view certain pages among other concerns. These issues do not seem to be going away in the foreseeable future, but the discussions about them will continue to occur. A major concern in today’s world about the web is the amount of privacy that a user has on the web. Privacy is a highly debated topic in the world, not only involving the World Wide Web, but in everyday life as well. The accessibility of the World Wide Web to users around the world has allowed people to come in contact with people in various states and countries virtually. With the number of users expanding greatly, the risk of privacy has also increased. InShow MoreRelatedThe Invention Of The World Wide Web1938 Words   |  8 Pagesare not as much the direct result of the invention’s content or it’s use, as they are the outcomes of effects that are intrinsic within the technology itself. Although McLuhan published this work in 1964, almost thirty years before the invention of the World Wide Web, this adage still holds true for the Internet today. Technologies, such as the Internet, should not be viewed, using the instrumentalist perspective, as inherently neutral tools that are valuable only for their ends, intended purposesRead MoreSir Tim Berners Lee : The Inventor Of The World Wide Web Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesSir Tim Berners-Lee was born June 8th, 1955 in London, England and was one of the four children to Mary Lee Woods and Conway Berners-Lee. Tim Berners-Lee is known and credited as the inventor of the World Wide Web. Both of Tim Berners-Lee’s â€Å"parents worked on the first commercially-built computer† the Ferranti Mark I, which helped influence him into studying mathematics and science growing up as a child (Tim Berners-Lee Biography, n.d.). Tim attended Sheen Mount Primary School and then went on toRead MoreTim Berners Lee : The World Wide Web1082 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the internet is mentioned, it is hard not to think of the World Wide Web. The Web has become such a staple in our everyday lives that it is hard for us to think of life without it. For most of us, losing the web would be the equivalent of going back to the Stone Age. How could our species go back to a time in which everything we know isn’t stored online? We couldn’t. That’s why we must give a little thanks to the man behind the curtain, Tim Berners-Lee. Tim Berners-Lee was born on June 8,Read MoreOpinion Essay on Inventions1403 Words   |  6 PagesBBI20 Assignment#5 Opinion Essay on Inventions 1st March 2011 In my opinion, the most important invention of all time in the history of human civilization and enterprise is the internet. Why the internet? Simply because I believe this invention has made the world a better place. In almost everything we do, we need the Internet. Whether it is to look for a job, research for a project or even find love. The Internet is a dominant factor that plays an important role in our lives. We just simply cannotRead MoreThe Internet : The Most Important Invention Of The Internet1404 Words   |  6 Pagessignificant invention of humanity. What is the greatest invention in humanity? There are many things people think of like computers, cars, electricity etc.†¦ However, there is one invention that many people use every day from watching a movie, sending or checking emails and looking up complex or simple questions etc. without this piece of technology the world would be in a different place. This piece of technology is called the internet. The internet is one of the most important inventions in modernRead MoreWhat is The Internet?652 Words   |  3 Pagesbreakthrough. (TCP/IP), DNS and NSFNET Much type of improvements and invention was discovered after the early 1970s such as the invention of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) in the year 1978 had made it possible to exchange information between different subnetworks. The Domain Name System (DNS) was also invented in the year 1984. The DNS is infrastructure provided by a system of computers to browse World Wide Web. (DNS: A simple explanation) Finally in 1987 National Science FoundationRead Moreâ€Å"Getting Information Off The Internet Is Like Taking A1283 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation. However, this has not always been a reality, as it has taken many years for everything to be developed. In the beginning, the internet was extremely limited and hardly worked. It took many people to construct what we have today. The invention and further development of the internet has impacted history, as it has revolutionized the way we communicate, allowed us to access information much more rapidly, and m ade working and writing much more efficient. The present-day technology thatRead MoreComputers And The World Wide Web Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagesone thing that will continue to remain the same in all computers and continue to serve the same purpose is the World Wide Web, more commonly referred to as the Web or the web. Similar to the development of computers, the World Wide Web was not created overnight, but took time, effort, and brainpower to invent. We can credit this fascinating invention that connects everyone in the world to British physicist and computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee. Sir Tim Berners-Lee was born on June 8, 1955 inRead More Tim Berners-Lee: The World War Web Essay731 Words   |  3 Pages Twenty five years ago, Tim Berners-Lee, created the World Wide Web. In 1990 he wrote the first web client and server and his specifications of URLs, HTTPS, HTML were refined as Web technology spread. This work started in October of 1990, and the program â€Å"WorldWideWeb† was first made available in December and became a lot larger in the summer of 1991. Through out the years of 1991 and 1993, he continued to work on the design of the web and was coordinating the feedback from users across theRead MoreInformation Technology for Business Success: the new way to communicate There is no doubt that1500 Words   |  6 PagesInformation Technology for Business Success: the new way to communicate There is no doubt that the present time is the Technology era when the use of technological inventions dominates all different aspects of life: computer, cellular phones, world wide web, radio and satellites. That is, technological inventions have improved. Storing information, sending and receiving messages, electronic governments, distance education, health services and business. With the intervention of Information Technology

The United States And The Civil War - 910 Words

Throughout lectures this semester we have encountered numerous ‘characters’ so to speak who have helped to shape the United States of America through either their unified visions of the country or through their differing opinions and compromises. From the Colonists and English government all the way to the end of our textbook and the Civil War each character has had a clear cut vision of what the nation could do to improve itself because they each knew that without change there could be no progress because if you are not evolving, that meant things would stay the same. There is something to be said about this nation never being satisfied with its current state some may call it insanity, but these characters believed in their visions and called it progress. In this paper, we will explore the visions of each major player from this past semester and look at what each person wanted for the United States and the ultimate outcome and how things might have been if that trajecto ry had been changed. Let’s begin with the Colonists and the English Government/King James things between these two groups started out very peaceful and the Colonists were in the New World to claim things for England and make England grow and prosper, this goes well for a short while and then the Colonists realized that they wanted more. King James wanted the Colonies to be like a little miniature England and function just the same this is all fine, but there was a certain line of how much control he had onShow MoreRelatedThe Civil War : The United States1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil War divided the United States with its’ origin in the struggle to preserve the Union from the Confederacy’s succession. A war to maintain the United States quickly progressed to battles fought because of the controversial beliefs on slavery in the North and South. In the coming of the Civil War there were questions and confusion that many Americans were faced with in the words of the South’s succession. During the war, families were torn due to the men lost to the Union or Confederate causesRead MoreThe United States Civil War918 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States civil war is thought of as what determined what kind of country we would be today. The U.S. civil war, otherwise known as the war of the states, began on April 12, 1861, and lasted until 1865. It consisted of the North (the Union) or the â€Å"free states†, against the South (the confederates) the slave states. When Abraham Lincoln became president in 1860 he made promises of free territories, which caused a division between men who owned slaves and men who agreed with Lincoln. SlavesRead MoreUnited States And The Civil War1668 Words   |  7 PagesUS Civil War United States of America was formed as a result of the revolution that continued from 1776 to 1783. After that, United States was divided into two wings/ parts that are the southern and the northern parts. Then conflict between the two aroused because the northern and the southern societies were totally different of each other in terms of economic structure, social class, politics and other social matters especially slavery. The civil war, that started in 1861 and ended in 1865, wasRead MoreThe Civil War : The United States909 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil War was one of the most pivotal and significant moments in the history of the United States of America. Therefore, its impact of the Civil War was tremendous, and in many ways has shaped the way the United States has evolved into the present. The Civil War brought lots of beneficial changes to America including economic, agriculture, military, and people’s lives. During the Civil War, women stepped out of their domestic do mains to help or support their husbands in the field, or other soldiersRead MoreThe Civil War Of The United States1605 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil War of the United States was a major and influential event in the history of our country. The Civil War shaped our nation and how we think of liberty in general. Such a big event in our antiquity must have been caused by a series of dominant events. However, a War of this size has many effects to go along with it. The most common effect thought of is the freedom of slaves, however, the Civil War was not just a war fought for freedom. One major cause of the Civil War was the issue of slaveryRead MoreThe Civil War Of The United States1561 Words   |  7 PagesCivil War Slaves Freedom can be defined as, â€Å"the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint†. (Definition) Everyone in the United States of America is entitled to this basic human right, presented to us by our founding fathers, though it was not always that simple. Even though it was in the Constitution, many people living before the mid 18th century in the United States were not extended this right, due to their nationality or lack of fortune. Someone lackingRead MoreThe United States And The Civil War920 Words   |  4 Pagesknown in the United States as simply the Civil War as well as other sectional names, was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. Among the 34 states in January 1861, seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often simply called the South, grew t o include eleven states, and although they claimed thirteen states and additionalRead MoreThe Civil War Of The United States1233 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Blundering Generation† Division among a population for opposing goals wasn t a new concept brought to light by the Civil War. Almost one hundred years prior to the Civil War, inhabitants of the thirteen colonies fought against each other towards their differing support for their wages of unity. Patriots fought Loyalists for coalition of the colonies, and likewise Northerners now fought Southerners for the preservation of the Union. The imminent breakup of the Union, likewise to the dissolutionRead MoreThe Civil War Of The United States1440 Words   |  6 Pages The Civil War was one of the most deadly wars the United States ever fought it was fought between the North and South and to this day still leaves a big mark on the history of the United States. Though the Civil War seemed to be clear cut on what happened during the conflict its cause is to this day seemingly undecided. Was it the simple piece of legislature called the Kansas-Nebraska act that started it or the election of the United States president Abraham Lincoln that caused the turmoil? EitherRead MoreThe Civil War Of The United States1082 Words   |  5 Pagesof the United States was the Civil War. The Civil War is often remembered as the war to end slavery. While that did play a part of the Civil War the larger issue at hand was the annihilation of the United States of America. The Confederate States of America wanted to break away from the United States and form their own country. The Confederate States of America, or more commonly known as the Confederacy, was formed by seven slave states located in the southern region of the United States. The economy

Poe versus Hawthorne, Comparing Writers Essays - 1813 Words

There have always been comparisons ranging from players, books, and etc... One comparison spoken about by sports reporters is between Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant and who was the best in their prime. Many reporters say Jordan because he was clutch and was the most competitive athlete they have ever seen. Other reporters say Kobe because he has a better jump shot than Jordan at his age and has to play along another superstar. Jordan never had to go through what Kobe is going through right now. Another comparison talked about is Capitalism and Communism and which political institution is the better one. Many people say communism is the way to go because everyone is equal and no rich person has an advantage in this system in†¦show more content†¦They appeared to me white-whiter than the sheet upon which I trace these words-and thin even to grotesqueness; (161 Poe). The suspense was so good even when they fed the prisoner food because he did not know the apparent reason they did this, was it because it was going to be his last meal soon or was it they were going to feed him to the rats after he was executed. Soon after the captors took away his food and the suspense started to increase when they released the pendulum and the sweep of it had increased in extent by nearly a yard. As a natural consequence, its velocity was also much greater. But what mainly disturbed me, was the idea that it had perceptibly descended (170 Poe). The rats also were a major part in the scaring the prisoner and the reader because they are known to be filthy and vile scavengers who will eat anything to appeal their hunger. While I gazed, they came up in troops, hurriedly with ravenous eyes, allured by the scent of the meat (170 Poe). The downward swing motion of the pendulum really left the reader in suspense while leaving the prisoner mad because he was feeling the dread of death lingering and grew frantically mad, and struggled to force myself upward against the sweep of the fearful scimitar (171 Poe). In the end when the prisoner was abo ut to die and all of a sudden a hand came out of now where and grabbed him. The French army hadShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesTraining 189 DIVERSITY ISSUES IN HRM: Training and EEO 190 Determining Training Needs 190 Training Methods 191 Chapter 9 Managing Careers Learning Outcomes 208 Introduction 210 210 What Is a Career? 208 Individual versus Organizational Perspective 211 Career Development versus Employee Development 211 Contents Career Development: Value for the Organization 211 Needed Talent Will Be Available 211 The Organization’s Ability to Attract and Retain Talented Employees Improves 212 Minorities and

Secret Life of Bees Research Paper Free Essays

Jackie Yets 3/21/11 Per. 6, English H2/SP Secret Life of Bees Research Paper While one reads the Sue Monk Kidd novel, The Secret Life of Bees, an enigma acquainted with the book is why the Black Madonna of Breznichar in Bohemia is used as opposed to a white Virgin Mary. With the story taking place in the racist south of 1964 it would be reasonable to assume that a black Mary wouldn’t be common, or readily accepted; however she still occupies a large area of the women’s lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Secret Life of Bees Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the Boatwright’s, the Daughters of Mary, and quickly for Lily and Rosaleen, the black Virgin Mary is placed in the book as a source of strength, and maternal comfort. The most obvious symbolism of the Black Madonna of Breznichar in Bohemia is that it is featured in the novel to give the characters a religious strength. In the story of ‘Our Lady of Chains’ August tells how the statue was such an inspiration to the slaves, and how â€Å"Our Lady filled their hearts with fearlessness†¦ And if it ever grew weak, they would only have to touch her heart again,† (109-110). ‘Our Lady of Chains’, another Divine black figure in the book besides the Madonna of Breznichar, does that same thing for all of the women. Along with ‘Our Lady’ the Bohemian Black Madonna has the same effect on the Daughters of Mary, because it showed them that â€Å"what’s divine can come in dark skin. You see, everybody needs a God who looks like them,† (141). In the real world however, there is no such thing as the Black Madonna of Breznichar in Bohemia. The historical region of Bohemia was located in the same area as modern Poland, and Poland is home to a well known Black Madonna, Our Lady of Czestochowa, who shares many similarities with the Madonna of Breznichar in Bohemia. These similarities, including features and elements of the pictures, strongly suggest that the Madonna of Breznichar in Bohemia is based on Our Lady of Czestochowa. Our Lady of Czestochowa is well known for her ‘miracle working’, mostly involving scaring away foreign invaders and assisting small groups of defenders in defeating powerful armies (Similar to Lily, Rosaleen, the Boatwrights, and the Daughters of Mary gaining the strength to convince an angry T-Ray to leave Lily with them? ). The Black Madonna is also historically known to have been at the foundation of rebellions and revolutions, and leading to freedom; which can again be connected to Lily leaving and becoming free of her father. However the Black Madonna of Breznichar in Bohemia also has another role. Another component of the Bohemian Madonna’s role is her place as a ‘mother of thousands’. In a reflection on The Secret Life of Bees by the author, Sue Monk Kidd said that the Black Virgin Mary existed in the novel to be a symbol of comfort. She also planned for Lily to have a coming home to herself, and a discovery of a mother within to take place with the help of a divine female presence, the Black Mary. Along with the strong connections between the Mary and a mother-like role to the characters, in a religious perspective she is of course a symbol of motherhood, and giving life. In general, the Virgin Mary is known for giving birth to Christ. There is also another connection concerning the Black Mary, which is that she is the ancient earth-goddess that was altered for use in Christianity. Many other goddesses were pictured as black, most importantly Ceres the Roman goddess of agricultural fertility. Keeping in mind the theory that the Black Madonna is an ancient earth-goddess, agriculturally the best fertile soil is characterized by a black color. The blacker the soil, the more becoming it is for farming. Good farming leads to more food, which keeps humans alive. Summing it up, the black earth gives life. This is another strong connection to a life giving maternal role. There’s also another spiritual connection to the comfort brought by the presence of Our Lady of Czestochowa. This connection regards the hidden meaning of the colors present in the images of the Mother; first is the blue-green background, which symbolizes hope. Foremost, the brown skin color is more important, subtly indicating the human element as well as the long history seen by the Madonna. With all of these characteristics related to the Black Virgin Mary, it is clear why Kidd would create this divine figure to inspire her cast of characters. The insurgence nurtured in the history of Black Madonna created the perfect symbol to guide Lily in her search for a home and a connection to both her literal mother, as well as the mother within herself. Works Cited Duricy, Michael P. â€Å"Black Madonnas: Our Lady of Czestochowa. † Black Madonnas. The Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute. , 26 March 2008. Web. 13 March 2011. http://campus. udayton. edu/mary/meditations/olczest. html. Jozwik, Ziemowit. A Treasury of Europe. Europe and Me Magazine. N. p. 4 January 2010. Web. 13 March 2011. http://www. europeandme. eu/8heart/455-the-black-madonna Kidd, Sue Monk. Secret Life of Bees- The Black Madonna in the Novel. Sue Monk Kidd. LUX Interactive, LLC. , n. d. Web. 13 March 2011. http://www. suemonkkidd. com/Reflections. aspx? t=bi=34 Duricy, Michael P. Black Madonnas. The Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute, 6 October 2009. Web. 13 March 2011. http://campus. udayton. edu/mary/meditations/blackmdn. html Cahoy, Nate. Comparing Madonnas. The Black Madonnas. PB Works. n. d. Web. 13 March 2011. http://nrcslob. pbworks. com/w/page/4469613/Comparing-Madonnas Our Lady of CzestochowaBlack Madonna of Breznichar in Bohemia How to cite Secret Life of Bees Research Paper, Essays

Critical Analysis of Child Labor free essay sample

In a cramped, one-room home on the outskirts of Manila, Maryann Aroma, thirteen, and her two sisters glue the ears, earrings, and necklaces on stuffed toys made for export. Their mother has forced the girls to work since age eleven. In India, at the age of twelve, Mohammed Salahuddin works sixteen hours a day in a factory located just outside of New Delhi, embroidering elegant sequined jackets. It is a troubling image for a parent to realize the wrapped sweater or plastic toy that will excite their child’s little hands this holiday season may have another pair of little hands behind them. In China, Thailand, and other developing countries, children as young as five are working to produce toys or pack clothing that will be enjoyed by more privileged kids overseas. (Morris) In the short story entitled â€Å"Live Free and Starve† by Chitra Divakaruni, child labor is closely critiqued and examined. Divakaruni feels that labor could be a good thing because it keeps food on the table and a roof over their head. She argues that although it is true that they are only paid a small amount of money, it is just enough to get by. If these children were not working, they would be begging on the streets, hungry for food. Her conclusion on the matter is to leave the laws unchanged because she feels that the opposing life that these kids could have may be worse. Child labor in third world countries is similar to slavery. Although the course of the extent of abuse varies throughout each country, the majority of children are treated like slaves. The biggest difference between the lives of these children and slavery is the payment, which is usually around fourteen dollars a month. Abuse is common and even murder happens occasionally. It is true that the lives of these children will not change over night, but it is necessary to make laws towards improving the conditions in which these kids work so that change can eventually come. By analyzing the lives of these young foreign children, I have come to the conclusion that all governments should take steps towards banning labor. In the dictionary, child labor is defined as, â€Å"1. Work done by kids full-time under the age of fifteen. 2. Work that prevents kids from attending school, such as unlimited or unrestricted domestic work. . Work that is dangerous for kids and that is hazardous to their physical, mental, or emotional health. † (Child Labor Definition) There are many reasons why child labor should be stopped, but the most significant reason is to stop or slow the pain and suffering of these young and innocent children. This form of labor is not work, but abuse. â€Å"Overall, the government estimat es that 800,000 of Bolivia’s children work as laborers. Many work in hazardous conditions as prostitutes, drug-traffickers, in quarries and mines, or on farms and in factories† (Henne). As they strive for perfection, worried about getting fired, many injuries take place, but yet they must keep working. Ministers, attending a conference in the state-owned arts and crafts center in the medieval city of Fez, Morocco, drink coffee and sip tea. As they are relaxing, five-year-old girls and boys are working their fingers to the bone in the back room, weaving carpets for tourists. Because some are not tall enough to reach the tables, they must stand on wooden boxes. Their arms have cuts and scrapes where their scissors have missed the wool. They are timed, being continually reminded that they must keep weaving at a fast pace in order to get paid. For all of their hard work, their parents only receive the U. S. equivalent to ten dollars a month for working ten hour days. While the children are still working, the rich ministers pull away in their limos, thinking nothing about the life that these young people live. (Economist) By hearing this story, many people may have feelings of sympathy and heartache for the kids living this nightmare, but will never be able to comprehend the pain and suffering these children face every day. Two-hundred and fifty million children, aged five to fourteen are working, half of them full-time† (Harrison). These children work long hours in unhealthy conditions, but it is the only way for their families to survive. Many use hazardous pesticides, chemicals, or dangerous tools and machines. The children are beaten and left without a normal childhood or education, causing physical and psyc hological wounds. Attempts of banning child labor have been unsuccessful. Another reason child labor should be stopped is for the sake of education. Child laborers are at a disadvantage. The drop-out rate is four times higher in poor families compared to relatively better-off families (Access to an Education). The simple achievement of graduating is low, and extremely low in underdeveloped countries. â€Å"As compared to China, the coefficient of efficiency in school is ninety-four percent in the case of China, as compared to only sixty-six percent in the case of India† (Access to Education). Why are poor families or child laborers at a disadvantage? For starters, these kids are working long hours and it is hard to find the time to get an education. If they do find the time, many of the kids are too tired to attend school or to concentrate for long periods of time. It is true that the parents could force their children to attend school, and could improve their children’s marketable labor skills later in life, but their income can not afford this luxury. Although I feel education is important, some people feel differently. A frequently asked question is, â€Å"What is the point of an education when the current system produces 100,000 jobless graduates per year? † (International). They believe that if a child is just going to work in a factory the rest of his life, what is the point of wasting money on an education? This is a very reasonable argument, but education is the best investment a country can make. â€Å"It is not higher education alone that is important, but raising literacy levels among the population that makes for improvement† (Access to Education). Not only is the schooling important, but the atmosphere in which kids learn is also very important. It is essential for the normal development of the child. Spending all day working in these harsh conditions, social development will be lacking. â€Å"In the State of the World’s Children Report 1997, it reported that an estimated six billion dollars is needed annually to put every child in school by the year 2000. That may seem like an enormous sum, yet it is less than one percent of what the world spends every year on weapons. They recommend that donor governments set aside part of their official development assistance to other countries for children’s basic social needs† (Exploitative Child Labor). The final reason I believe child labor should be banned is because of the psychological effect it has on these young children. Child labor is not only physically abusive, but also very mentally abusive. Mental abuse is extremely hard to recover from, and affects many children for the rest of their lives. The intense working conditions, working without breaks, and the physical injuries, may cause intense stress and psychological wounds. A young mother who had children who worked as military laborers recalls, â€Å"My children couldn’t eat. They were always shaking and crying out in their sleep, thinking the house was on fire. They wouldn’t let us put the lights on in the evening because they were so afraid† (Gorvett). Following a traumatic event such as war or child labor, treatment is very necessary. The number of children seeking treatment is not enough. It is true that treatment is difficult, but it can be very successful. â€Å"One child in five shows deep disturbing symptoms such as insomnia, incontinence, and rejection of learning. That suggests need for deep psychiatric treatment† (Godoy). Of course the best solution would be to stop child labor all together; to stop the pain and suffering of these young and innocent children, but until something is done, we must try to keep the children in the best psychological health possible. Child labor causes much controversy around the world, and these three examples play a major role. It is important to protect children from physical damage, to provide an education, and to keep them in good mental health. With child labor existing, all three of these goals remain extremely hard to accomplish. These children are not slaves, but yet they are being treated as slaves. They have no opportunity to live a normal life. While American children are going to school and playing outside, less fortunate kids in other countries are working upwards of ten hours a day, being constantly reminded that they must work efficiently in order to receive their pay. While these children are working their fingers to the bone, we Americans are playing with the toys that other kids have spent hours making. Yet, we tend to think nothing about it.

Jurassic Park #2 Essay Example For Students

Jurassic Park #2 Essay Jurrasic Park Richard GraczykJURASSIC PARK Crichton, Michael Publisher: Ballantine Books CityWhere Published: New York Date of latest copy: 1990 Edition: FirstBallantine Books Edition: December 1991. 399 Pages, Hardcover I. A BriefSummary of the Plot. A billionaire has created a technique to clone dinosaurs. From the left behind DNA that his crack team of scientists and experts extracthe is able to grow the dinosaurs in labs and lock them up on an island behindelectrified fences. He has created a sort of theme park on the island which islocated off the west coast of Costa Rica. The island is called Isla Nublar. Heplans to have the entire planet come and visit his wondrous marvels. He asksa group of scientists from several different fields to come and view the park,but something terribly goes wrong when a worker on the island turns traitorand shuts down the power. II. A Description of the Most Important Aspectsof the Contents. The main characters in the book are: John Hammond who isa billionaire developer who has used his

The great mosque of Cordoba or Mezquita

Introduction As mentioned earlier, the Cordoba mosque, also known as Mezquita, stands tall as a representative of the medieval Islamic civilization located in Spain. It is believed that the ground breaking of the mosque began in the Sixth Century AD as a Christian Visigothic church. The Mosque was, however, completed much later, in the year 987 AD, and shared for use between the Muslims and the Christians.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The great mosque of Cordoba or Mezquita specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Beginning 784 AD, an Islamist prince called Abd ar-Rahman, acquired the structure from the Christian fraternity and began refurbishing it as a Muslim worship centre. The mosque underwent a lot of †structural changes and interior design repair† (Savory 1976). This was meant to fit the mosque into the â€Å"Islamic design†. The purchase of the cathedral by the Muslims also meant tha t it would be refurbished to â€Å"rid it of the â€Å"Christian characteristics†(Ching and Prakash 2011). The magnificent building is outstanding with the huge arches and numerous columns that exceed 1,000 in number (Savory 1976). The columns consist of various valuable stones such as Jasper, Onyx and marble that have been artistically modelled to provide the artistic countenance that the mosque has. The mosque had a turbulent moment in the year 1236 when it was captured from the moors and used again by the Christian fraternity by King Ferdinand three. The proceeding kings that followed later redesigned the mosque according to the Christian beliefs and design (Ching and Prakash). Initial design During the re-designation period of the mosque, the most outstanding and notable reconstruction activity involved the construction of the Reconnaissance cathedral in the middle of the structure, courtesy of a Spanish king Carlos who was a Christian by then (Savory 1976). The Mezquit a, or the Cordoba, mosque had different measurement during the initial construction. In terms of the area, it measured a total of 73m square. Out of this area, half was a forecourt (Trachterberg 2002). Later, during the reconstruction periods, there was a need to enlarge the total area and this led to the addition of an extra 65 square miles making the total area to stand at 138 square miles. During the first construction, the worshipping hall increased two folds at the end of the 9th century and the length widened to a total length of approximately 138m. Proceeding kings that followed later redesigned the mosque according to the Christian beliefs and design (Trachterberg 2002).Advertising Looking for research paper on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Design Structure of the Mosque Arches The arches, throughout the structure, have a common shape that is referred to as â€Å"the horse shoe form† (Savory 197 6). This style is described as being very predominant with the architectural design of the Visigoths, i.e. the inhabitants of the area where the mosque is situated before the arrival of the Islamic population called the Umyyads from North Africa (Ching and Prakash). The horse shoe form was assumed to be very strong and durable by the medieval architectures other than the fact that they offered very flowery aesthetic finishing, when used in various structures and buildings, all the arches within the cathedral are oriented towards the horse shoe design template borrowed from the Visigoths. The dome The dome is located right above the mihrab or the maqrub. It depicts a large structure, of course dome shaped as the name suggests, but carries with itself numerous artistic drawings and calligraphy on the inside. The dome was constructed through an act of crisscrossing those components that form the pointed arches in the building. In the mosque, they are largely decorated in pure gold in a more or less radial and regular pattern (Ching and Prakash). The dome was constructed during the construction of the cathedral and historians argue that during the construction of this dome, a total number of sixteen columns were demolished and ejected from the main prayer hall to allow a space for the erection of both the cathedral and the dome. Simultaneously, the cathedral construction was purely based on the early Christian architectural designs. One can easily feel and see the outstanding cocktail of both Christian and Islamic designs standing side by side to depict the history of civilisation of these two contrasting yet marvellous designs. It is important to note the structure of the double arches that have been used in the building. These greatly assist in the support of the immense weight that the ceilings high above insert on the columns and further prevents the roof from falling off. These arches were conveniently designed with a lower horse shoe arch and an upper semi -circular arch whose role is to offer adequate base for the support of these arches (Ching and Prakash 2011). The arches along the passages of the mosque consist of several layered segments that run in lines which consist of red bricks and white stones piled in an alternating manner, thus, creating a spectacular pattern of stripes along the arcade, the space is large enough to permit visibility across the arcade (Ching and Prakash 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The great mosque of Cordoba or Mezquita specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More General Dimension The Mosque is approximated to measure a total of six hundred and twenty feet ft in length across the North-South orientation (Trachterberg 2002). In terms of the breadth, from the West to the East cardinal points, the mosque measures a total length of four hundred and forty feet. The shape of the mosque is considered to be rectangular inferring that it has four sides and four angles in general. Historians have always argued that the mosque initially had a total of twenty one doors when it was originally constructed. However, the number has so far reduced to only five following various reconstruction procedures by the Christians when they took it over from the Muslims. External dimension Two hundred and ten feet out of the total length from South to North, a court was effectively erected and a modern gate installed for accessory purpose. Nineteen aisles that measure three hundred and fifty feet in length by fourteen in breadth ran parallel from the Northern portion to the Southern end through the interior building that forms the central structure (Ching and Prakash 2011). The aisles have a large number of columns with a spectacular arrangement Elevation of the Mosque Each of the four fronts of the structure presents a perfectly designed wall that is crowned with crenulations all through. There is a varying difference between ea ch of these fronts in terms of their heights and decorations. Each arch presents a beautiful and well curve horse shoe form that effectively makes a reference of the widely used Moorish architecture through which the whole building is set upon Interior Design Columns The columns in the mosque presently stand at a total of eight hundred and fifty and are made out of granite and jasper together with other precious rocks. Columns display myriad splendid colours. The unique scenery formed by this creativity has been described as â€Å"majestic† by some historians (Ching and Prakash 2011). These columns have an equivalent length which stands at nine feet from the base. The shaft too, of the existing columns, reflects equivalency in terms of the size and measures approximately seventeen inches in terms of the diameter. The Chapiters on the other hand, support the arches that emanate from one column to the other where they perfectly form a horse shoe form (Ching and Prakash 2011). The beams of the mosque are extremely huge in diameter for the sole reason of offering support to the structure. The beams are numerous in number and the cross beams have been well decorated with paint to provide the aesthetic magnificent sight they possess (Ching and Prakash 2011). One of the most stunning features of the mosque is the maqsura or rather the prayer space for the ruler (Trachterberg 2002). This space was specifically preserved for the King. It was personally commissioned by the caliph himself in the 12th century. Advertising Looking for research paper on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The space is separated from the rest of the prayer section by alternating arcades that possess several lobes that offer a distinctive horse shoe form. It was then decorated using marble that were well curved together with various other precious stones like the stucco and the mosaics too (Ching and Prakash 2011) The Mihrab The interior portion of the mosque is the house of the Maqsura which is, perhaps, one of the landmark features in any Islamic worshiping centre. The Mihrab refers to a designated area on the wall of a mosque that is used to depict the direction Makka, the holy city of Islam (Trachterberg 2002). By the use of a horse shoe form arch, the architecture adorned the Mihrab in the mosque using some of the most precious gems and metals. The mihrabb is encapsulated it in a more or less rectangular frame that house numerous verses that have been keenly selected from the Muslim holy book of Koran. The writings used are indeed very artistic and clearly pointing out to the ori gin and development of the Islamic calligraphy. One can never miss the great manifest of the Islamic art at every point of the building either within the structure, or outside the structure (Trachterberg 2002). The choir loft in the cathedral is coated with wood carvings that offer it a magnificent finish. The space around the loft has overleaped ceilings together with large domes that rise above the main altar. There exists an open and easy to see difference between the chapels of the cathedral and the normal conventional chapels. The cathedral chapels are not situated around the major cathedral area but rather, the chapels occupy the area around the primary cathedral area (Trachterberg 2002). There has been a raging debate though on the reason as to why the mihrab is not facing Makka, the Islamic holy city,yet, conventionally, all the mosques belonging to the Muslim worshippers have erected the mihrab facing Makka. Now, various historians have put forth their arguments on the same but the most agreeable version is that the initial inhabitants of the structure were not Muslims and during the construction of the structure, there were no intentions of using it as a mosque in the future. This argument is very valid and easily accepted since the presence of any Muslim during the construction would have led to the proper orientation of the Mihrab towards their holy city, Mekka. All in all, it is a popular version of the story that the Muslims acquired the structure after its full construction but yet did a few modifications to fit it into the Muslim definition of a â€Å"worship place† The hypostyle hall This is the most spacious area within the Mosque (Ching and Prakash 2011). The hall is essentially filled with numerous columns that support the huge roof above it. It is called the hypostyle hall to refer to the large number of columns that stand regularly arranged around the hall (Ching and Prakash 2011). This large and expansive prayer hall appears unu sually very wide due to the mirage formed by the presence of repeated geometry, an aspect of gothic design that was essentially meant for decorative purpose and also to instil support in different structures. The repeated geometry has been widely applied in the decoration of the prayer hall. The hall is believed to have been constructed using refurbished columns that were excavated from the Roman structures (Ching and Prakash 2011). The columns are modified into a combination of two symmetrical horse shoe form arches that are formed from red brick and the stones. This distinct the arches out as well decorated and adorned to radiate immense beauty and magnificence. The Roofing The roofing of the structure was skilfully done to accommodate the large columns of the structure (Trachterberg 2002). The roof is artistically done using selected species of cedar together with pine wood. These are some of the strongest species of timber known and are conceived to remain unaffected by seasons or insects for the longest time possible. The timber is â€Å"sandwiched† with lead in a fine precision that brings out the artistry applied. Exterior view The external walls are fortified with utmost ingenuity depicting the strength of the structure. The walls are intermittently supported by buttresses which make it appear like a legion of towers (Trachterberg 2002). Below the bell tower, lies a courtyard with orange trees together with a fountain that is specifically used for lavation purposes. Cathedral The cathedral is located right in the middle of the mosque. This cathedral was constructed after the Christians acquired the structure from the Muslim believers during the reign of king Carlos of Spain. It is postulated that the cathedral must have been constructed in the sixteenth century. To the left hand side of this cathedral lies the Capilla de Villacios building that was constructed by the Moorish craftsmen earlier by King Alfonso. The Cathedral boasts of a gothic ar chitectural style that was introduced by an archictect Hernan Ruiz who worked on the structure transforming it into a gothic design which essentially refers to an architectural design of the medieval era. The bell tower The bell tower is perhaps the longest structure in the whole building. It was never part of the original building when it was still inhabited by the Muslims. However, during the reign of King Carlos and the restructuring period, the Architects designed a long tower for the purpose of erecting the bell. The tower is approximated to be ninety three metres in height and is constructed together with winding stairs that leads up to the top. The bell tower is referred to as the Torre de Alminar. From the bell tower, it is possible to have a view of the whole mosque aerially. The mosque has a total tally of three gates that are all designed using different architectural designs for accessory purposes. Conclusion The mosque describes the artistry and displays some of the ch aracteristics of Islamic civilisation. The design represents one of the last remaining representatives of the Moorish architecture. The paper has sought to highlight the outstanding features of this design and relate it to Islamic civilisation (Trachterberg 2002). The antique appearance of the structure has helped to unfold various historical issues in as far as the ancient civilisation is concerned. The structure has, in itself, revealed numerous historical facts and phenomenon that has opened up debate for critical study of the architecture of the prehistoric era, it is my submission therefore that this paper has adequately helped tie the ends by exploring these historical phenomena The mosque has had a fair share of its challenges since the Christians took over from the Muslim users. A number of violent episodes have been witnessed where some radical Islamic groups has invariantly attacked and injured several other Christian worshippers in their demand to repossess the mosque, or worship in turns with the Christians. The Spanish Muslims have been lobbying the Spanish Catholics to allow them use the cathedral, however, this has been severally rejected by the Vatican city and the Spanish Catholic administrators. This was followed by violence by a few Muslim tourists who assaulted the guards at the cathedral. References Ching, Frank, Mark Jarzombek, and Prakash Vikramaditya. A global history of architecture. 2nd ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2011. Print. Savory, Roger. Introduction to Islamic civilisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Print. Trachtenberg, Arvin, Hyman. Architecture: From Prehistory to Post modernity, 2nd edition, Pearson; 2002. Print. This research paper on The great mosque of Cordoba or Mezquita was written and submitted by user Joaquin Leon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Women In the Middle East essays

Women In the Middle East essays Even with the evolutionary changes within our society, women in the Middle East are still being discriminated against. Islamic views in the Middle East are the fundamental cause of the repression of women there, and remain the major obstacle to the evolution of their position. Women in this region of the world have no marital rights, are unjustly punished in comparison to men, and have a very strict dress code. In the Middle East women are denied the same martial rights as men. They are prohibited from getting a divorce, while men are free to divorce and remarry as they wish. Also women must be submissive to their husbands, because their husbands have total legal control over them. Men have control and ownership over all possessions, while women do not have any of these rights within a marriage. As well, women must seek permission from their husbands to see their parents, yet men are free to see their parents as they wish. In this region of the world women are unjustly punished in comparison to men. If a woman becomes pregnant after being raped, she could be stoned or caned to death. All that is needed for this stoning or caning to happen is a testimony of one male witness. While if a man commits adultery, there needs to be four male witnesses to the incident before the man can be punished. Also if a woman is considered to dishonor her family, they may beat or even kill her, and not be in any fear of being punished. Women in the Middle East are shackled by a very severe dress code. They must be covered head to toe in a garment called a burqu. This is a dark colored garment covering the whole body with just a hole for the eyes. This lack of choice in clothing diminishes any thought of individuality. Without individuality there will come no change, because there will be a fear of stepping out of the comfort of blending in with the rest. The burqu attacks these womens strive for self-confidence. Being caged under such a ...

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Campus (college and university) speech codes and the First Amendment (topic and - Research Paper Example Because of the growing number of students using online communication and incidents involving students having been disciplined through the use of code of conduct in colleges and universities, it is important that there be an analysis made on the said issue. This paper will focus on public colleges and universities and cite some incidents wherein these institutions have disciplined their students based on a cyberspeech made. A presentation of case laws will then be made as to how the US Supreme Court, federal courts and district courts have ruled on First Amendment challenges on penalizing speeches on the basis of the codes of conduct. An analysis will then be made as to the impact of these rulings and finally will attempt to conclude that there has been minimal guidance on how federal courts have addressed this specific issue (Beckstrom, 2008, p.261). Conduct codes for students are ground rules or guidelines promoted in various institutions â€Å"in an effort to maintain a safe, yet productive, campus environment† (Berenson, 2005, p. 803). The purpose of these conduct codes generally are the following: â€Å"(1) to guide student behavior and (2) to establish procedural mechanisms that safeguard the rights of the students accused of conduct that violates a campus code† (Bach, 2003, p.1). Since public colleges and universities are considered as state entities, they are obliged to follow the US Constitution by providing procedural due process and other rights to its students, (Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565 (1975), including the right to free speech provided in the First Amendment of the US Constitution (Beckstrom, 2008, p. 261). However, there have been moves to â€Å"revisit student conduct codes† for the purpose of examining â€Å"whether off-campus conduct by students should be disciplined by the university† (DeJong & Vehige, 2008). This was to address the increasing â€Å"amount of purposeless

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Static Voltage Stability Analysis In Power Systems Engineering Essay

Static Voltage Stability Analysis In Power Systems Engineering Essay Voltage stability, one of the principal aspects of power system stability, has been the main reason for many of major power system blackout incidents over the last few decades. It is acknowledged universally that voltage stability is and will remain a challenge in the 21st century, even likely to increase in importance. Therefore a better understanding of voltage stability in power systems is necessary for power engineers, who might participate in the planning, designing, and operation of modern power systems. This report talks about a relevant engineering thesis project: Static Voltage Stability Analysis in Power Systems, which is carried out for 2 semesters from July 2009 to June 2010. The aim of this thesis project is to conduct a more comprehensive study into the theory of static voltage stability, and investigate a new approach for power flow analysis: 3-dimension P-Q-V curve. First of all, the basic knowledge of static voltage stability is reviewed, and analysis on an elementary power system, radial system, is carried out including power flow study, P-V and Q-V curve analysis. Based on the 2- dimension P-V and Q-V plotting, the relationship of P, Q, and V is studied and a new method for static voltage stability analysis is tried: P-Q-V curve. The second part of this project focuses on the analysis of WSCC three-generator-nine-bus system. Simulation of the system is carried through by means of UWPFLOW and POWERWORLD. Direct power flow method and continuation power flow method are applied and the weakest bus is studied. Last but not least, curves are obtained and results are discussed. Keywords: Static Voltage Stability; Radial System; Power Flow Method; Continuation Power Flow Method; P-V Curve; Q-V Curve; P-Q-V Curve. CONTENTS à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‹Å" à ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  i ABSTRACT ii CONTENTS iv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2 POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY 8 CHAPTER 3 STATIC VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTARY POWER SYSTEM 11 CHAPTER 4 STATIC VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF WSCC NINE-BUS SYSTEM 26 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 39 REFERENCES 41 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 43 APPENDIX A MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 3.8 44 APPENDIX B MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.2 46 APPENDIX C MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.3 47 APPENDIX D MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.4 48 APPENDIX E MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.5 49 APPENDIX F MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.6 50 APPENDIX G MATLAB CODES FOR FIGURE 4.7 51 APPENDIX H DATA OF WSCC NINE-BUS SYSTEM 52 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION An Overview of Modern Power System A power system is a network of conductors and devices which allows electrical energy to be transferred from the generating power stations to load centers through transmission network. Since the first electric network in the United States was established at the Pearl Street Station in New York City by Thomas Edison in 1882 [1], power systems have been experiencing more than 100 years development and improvement. Nowadays, modern power system has developed to be a complex interconnected network, which can be subdivided into four parts: Generation Private and publicly owned generators produce the electricity that feeds into high voltage grids. Transmission High voltage transmission grids transport power from generating units at various locations to distribution systems which ultimately supply the load. Distribution Distribution systems deliver the power from local bulk supply points to the consumers service-entrance equipments. Loads Loads of power systems are composed of industrial, commercial, and residential load. Figure 1.1 Modern Power System [2] Power System Stability A power system is said to be stable if it has the property that it retains a state of equilibrium under normal operating conditions and regains an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance. Of all the complex phenomena on power system, power system stability is the most intricate to understand and challenging to analyze [3]. Damage to power system stability may cause the system to blackout or collapse as well as other catastrophic incidents, leading to enormous social and economic losses. Classification of Power System Stability Based on the systems different properties, network structures and operation modes, the system instability can behave in many different ways. Accordingly power system stability study is divided mainly into three fields: angle stability, frequency stability and voltage stability. The diagram below shows visually the classification of power system stability. Figure 1.2 Classification of Power System Stability History of Study on Power System Stability Initially, angular stability was firstly paid attention to and studied since power transmission capability had traditionally been limited by either rotor angle (synchronous) stability or by thermal loading capability. And the blackout problems had been associated with transient stability, which were diminished by fast short circuit clearing, powerful excitation systems and varies special stability controls [3]. In other words, nowadays the theory and methods on angular stability are relatively more complete. Meanwhile, study on voltage stability had been quite slow, which mainly attributed to two reasons: Incidents caused by voltage instability or voltage collapse occurred relatively late, not until which did people paid attention to voltage instability problems. Understanding of voltage instability was not so profound as other kinds of instability problems in the early days. Varies of issues arose during the study on voltage stability such as load-based modeling, dynamic behaviors of different components as well as their interaction, and so on. Overview of Power System Voltage Stability Voltage Instability Incidents in the World Power system voltage stability was firstly introduced in 1940s, but failed to draw peoples attention until 1970s, since which voltage instability and collapse had resulted in several major system failures or blackouts throughout the world, as listed below [4, 5, 22]: August 22, 1970, Japan, 30 minutes; September 22, 1970, New York, several hours; September 22, 1977, Jacksonville, Florida, few minutes; December 19, 1978, France, 26 minutes; August 4, 1982, Northern Belgium, 4.5 minutes; September 2, November 26, December 28 30, 1982, Florida, 1-3 minutes; May 21, 1983, Northern California, 2 minutes; December 27, 1983, Sweden, 55 seconds; June 11, 1984, Northeastern USA, several hours; May 17, 1985, South Florida, 4 seconds; April 1986, Winnipeg, Canada Nelson River HVDC links, 1 second; May 20, 1986, England, 5 minutes; November 1986, SE Brazil, Paraguay, 2 seconds; January 12, 1987, Western France, 6-7 minutes; July 20, 1987, Illinoisand India, several hours; July 23, 1987, Tokyo Japan, 20 minutes; August 22, 1987, Western Tennessee, 10 seconds; July 2, 1996, Western System Coordination Council (WSCC), Northern USA; August 1996, Malaysia; August 14, 2003, USA Canada; September 28, 2003, Italy. Progress of Study on Voltage Stability The large numbers of worldwide voltage collapse incidents made it become the focus of worlds attention to study voltage stability of power system. In the 1982s researching list of Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in USA, voltage stability was considered as the most significant issue. Over the last thirty years, and especially over about the last twenty years, utility engineers, consultants, and university researchers have intensely studied voltage stability. Hundreds of technical papers have resulted, along with conferences, symposiums, and seminars. Utilities have developed practical analysis techniques, and are now planning and operating power systems to prevent voltage instability for credible disturbances [6]. Importance of Voltage Stability in Future In a foreseeable future, the global fast-growing power consumption will require more intensive use of available transmission facilities, which means an operation of power systems closer to their voltage stability limits. The increased use of existing transmission is made possible, in part, by reactive power compensation [6]. Undoubtedly, voltage stability is and will remain a challenge in the 21st century, even likely to increase in importance. Therefore a better understanding of voltage stability in power systems is necessary for power engineers, who might participate in the planning, designing, and operation of modern power systems. Topic Definition and Scope The topic of this project is Static Voltage Stability Analysis in Power Systems, which mainly focuses on the following: Overview of the phenomena of static voltage stability; Analysis associated with the phenomena; Reasons why voltage collapse happens; Measures to improve static voltage stability. In consideration of restrictions on the simulation, a three-generator-nine-bus case is used throughout the whole project while a typical two-bus (one-generator-one-load) case is used for the P-Q-V curve analysis. Aims and Objectives The main objective of this project is to get a wider and deeper understanding of static voltage stability in power systems, which can be reduced into sub-objectives: To conduct a more comprehensive study into the theory of static voltage stability; To look for reasons why voltage collapse happens; To investigate a new approach for power flow analysis: 3-dimension P-Q-V plotting; To propose proper measures of improving static voltage stability in power systems; To conclude generation direction and load direction for the analyzed power system. CHAPTER 2 POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY Basic Concepts of Voltage Stability IEEE Definitions IEEE [7] provided a formal definition of voltage stability and relative concepts as given below: Voltage Stability: Voltage stability is the ability of a system to maintain voltage so that when load admittance is increased, load power will increase and so that both power and voltage are controllable. Voltage Collapse: Voltage collapse is the process by which voltage instability leads to very low voltage profile in a significant part of the system. Voltage Security: Voltage security is the ability of a system not only to operate stably, but also to remain stable (as for as the maintenance of system voltage is concerned) following any reasonable credible contingency or adverse system change. CIGRE Definitions Nevertheless, the above definitions of voltage stability conditions were not directly compatible with the general IEEE definition for stability concept. Hence new definitions were given in CIGRE report [8], which are as following: Voltage Stability: A power system, at a given operating state and subjected to a given disturbance, is voltage stable if voltages near loads approach post-disturbance equilibrium values. The disturbed state is within the region of the stable post-disturbance equilibrium. Voltage Instability: Voltage instability is the absence of voltage stability, and results in progressive voltage decrease (or increase). Destabilizing control reaching limits, or other control actions (e.g. load connection), however, may establish global stability. Voltage Collapse: Following voltage instability, a power system undergoes voltage collapse if the post-disturbance equilibrium voltages near loads are below acceptable limits. Voltage collapse in the system may be either total (blackout) or partial. Voltage collapse is more complex than simple voltage instability leading to a low-voltage profile in a significant part of the power system. Other Relative Concepts Large-disturbance Voltage Stability: Large-disturbance voltage stability is concerned with a systems ability to control voltages following large disturbances such as system faults, loss of generation, or circuit contingencies. The study period of interest may extend from a few seconds to tens of minutes. Therefore, long-term dynamic simulations are required for analysis. Small-disturbance Voltage Stability: Small-disturbance voltage stability is concerned with a systems ability to control voltages following small perturbations such as incremental changes in system load. For such case, static analysis is effectively used. Relation of Voltage Stability to Rotor Angle Stability Voltage stability and rotor angle (or synchronous) stability are more or less interlinked. Transient voltage stability is often interlinked with transient rotor angle stability, and slower forms of voltage stability are interconnected with small-disturbance rotor angle stability. Voltage Stability is concerned with load areas and load characteristics. For rotor stability, we are often concerned with integrating remote power plants to a large system over long transmission lines. Voltage stability is basically load stability, and rotor angle stability is basically generator stability [6]. In a large interconnected system, voltage collapse of a load is possible without loss of synchronism of any generators. Transient voltage stability is usually closely associated with transient rotor angle stability. Long-term voltage stability is less interlinked with rotor angle stability. We can consider that if voltage collapses at a point in a transmission system remote from loads, it is an angle instability problem. If voltage collapses in a load area, it is possibly mainly a voltage instability problem. CHAPTER 3 STATIC VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTARY POWER SYSTEM Introduction of an Elementary Model: Radial System Simple radial system network is used to develop most of the concepts of the static voltage stability. Once basic concepts are understood, we can represent as much as appropriate in computer simulation, which will be carried out in Chapter 4. Figure 3.1 shows an equivalent circuit of the power system, and a model called radial system is formed to represent such power system, as shown in Figure 3.2. Figure 3.1 Equivalent Circuit of Power System Figure 3.2 Radial System Model The sending-end and receiving-end voltages are assumed to be fixed and can be interpreted as points in large systems where voltages are stiff or secure. The sending end and receiving end are connected by an equivalent reactance. Basic Analysis of Radial System Active Power Transmission Applying the radial system in Figure 3.2, the relations can be easily calculated: Similarly, for the sending end: The familiar equations for and are equal since we assume a lossless system, and maximum power transferred is at a power load angle equal to 90 degree. Note that the 90-degree maximum power angle is nominal, in other words, maximum power occurs at a different angle if we apply transmission losses or resistive shunt loads. And the case with impedance load at the receiving end will be discussed in section 3.2.2. Reactive Power Transmission In the study of the static voltage stability in power system, the transmission of reactive power is especially of interest. Usually we are interested in variable voltage magnitudes. Particularly, we are interested in the reactive power that can be transmitted across a transmission line, or a transformer as the receiving-end voltage sags during a voltage emergency or collapse. Considering the reactive power flow over the transmission line alone, we can write approximate formulas for Equations (3.3) and (3.5) in terms of small angles by using : From Equations (3.6) and (3.7), it can be observed that reactive power transmission depends mainly on voltage magnitudes and flows from the higher voltage to the lower voltage. Such observation, however, cannot be applied in the case of high stress, i.e. high power transfers and angles, where the angle is large enough and no longer approaches 1. This is important as voltage stability problems normally happen during highly stressed conditions. Difficulties with Reactive Power Transmission Reactive Power Transmission Behavior in Different Cases First of all, take an example of the radial system in Figure 3.2, assuming X=0.2 p.u. with varied values of voltage magnitude and angles, i.e. varied loading conditions. Applying Equations (3.3) and (3.5), and can be calculated as listed in the following table: Conditions (p.u.) (p.u.) (degree) (p.u.) (p.u.) Lightly loaded 1.10 1.00 10 0.634 0.416 Moderately loaded 1.05 0.90 20 1.072 0.390 Heavily loaded 1.00 0.80 50 2.429 -0.629 Table 3.1 Reactive Power Transmission in varied conditions From the table, it is clear that at higher loading, transmission lines are more difficult to transfer reactive power and reactive power cannot be transmitted across large power angles (the value of becomes negative in the case with a power angle of 50 degree). Minimizing Transfer of Reactive Power High angles are due to long lines and high real power transfers. It is therefore required to maintain voltage magnitude profiles with voltages of approximately 1 p.u.. Compared with real power transfers, reactive power cannot be transmitted across long distances. It has been observed that the greater distance of the reactive power sources from the reactive demand will lead to: [9] greater voltage gradient on the lines supplying the reactive power greater amount of required reactive power compensation more difficult to control the voltage level Another reason to minimize the transfer of reactive power is minimizing the real and reactive losses. The purpose to reduce real losses is due to economic reasons while minimizing the reactive losses can reduce investment in reactive devices such as shunt capacitors. As we know, the losses across the series impedance of a transmission line are and . For , we have: and Obviously, to minimize losses, we should minimize reactive power transfer and keep voltage high at the same time. Keeping voltage high to minimize reactive losses helps maintain voltage stability. In other words, reactive power should be generated close to the receiving end. Power Flow Analysis In a power system, powers are known rather than currents. Thus power flow analysis is backbone of static voltage stability studies. Power flow analysis, also known as load flow analysis, involves the calculation of power flows and voltages of a transmission network for specified terminals or bus conditions. Bus Classification In solving a power flow problem, a power system is supposed to be operating under balanced conditions and a single-phase model is used. Associated with each bus are four quantities: active power P, reactive power Q, voltage magnitude , and voltage angle. The following types of buses (nodes) are represented, and at each bus two of the above four quantities are specified: Voltage-controlled (P-V) buses: These buses are the generator buses. They are also known as regulated buses or P-V buses. For such kind of buses, the real power P and voltage magnitude are specified, while the reactive power Q and the voltage angle are unknown. Load (P-Q) buses: Load buses are also called P-Q buses as their real power P and reactive power Q are specified. The voltage magnitude and angle are to be determined. Slack (Swing) bus: Such bus is taken as reference of the whole power system. For a slack bus, the voltage magnitude and voltage angle are specified. As the power losses in the system are not known a priori, at least one bus must have unspecified P and Q. Thus the slack bus is the only bus with known voltage. This bus makes up the difference between the scheduled loads and generated power that are caused by the losses in the network [1]. Traditionally while analyzing, the voltage magnitude of slack bus is assumed to be 1 p.u. and the voltage angle is assumed to be 0 degree. Transmission Line Modeling The transmission line is traditionally represented with two types of models: nominal model and nominal T model, as shown in Figure 3.3 and Figure 3.4 where Z is the series impedance and Y is the shunt admittance due to the line charging capacitance. Neither nominal T or nominal à Ã¢â€š ¬ exactly represent the actual line, however, they brings great convenience in the power flow analysis, especially in the application of NEWTON-RAPHSON method, which will be discussed in the coming section. Figure 3.3 Nominal Model Figure 3.4 Nominal T Model NEWTON-RAPHSON Power Flow Method In order to include all the three types of buses (P-V bus, P-Q bus and slack bus as introduced in 3.3.1) at the same case, a 3-bus power system is considered as shown in Figure 3.5, where Bus 1 is the slack bus, i.e. and are specified as . Bus 2 is a voltage-controlled bus, i.e. and are known while and are unknown. Bus 3 is a load bus, i.e. and are known while and are unknown. Figure 3.5 3-bus Power System The network performance equation of such a sample is: where Applying the bus-loading equations: Now NEWTON-RAPHSON Power Flow Method can be approached as: P-V Curve Analysis P-V curve is useful for conceptual analysis of static voltage stability and for study of radial system, where P is the load in an area and V is the voltage at a critical or representative bus. Besides, P can also be the power transferred across a transmission interface or interconnection. Voltage at several busses can be plotted. Consider the radial system as shown in Figure 3.2. The receiving-end active power can be expressed as in the Equation 3.2. Then a P-V cueve can be plotted as in Figure 3.6, which shows relationship between P and V at the receving end for different values of load power factor and the locus of the critical operting point is shown by the dotted line. Nornally, only the operting points above the locus of the critical points represent satisfying operating condition. A sudden reduction in power factor or increase in Q can thus cause the system to change from a stable operating condition to an unsatisfactory and possibly unstable [10]. Figure 3.6 V versus P for different power factors [10] Q-V Curve Analysis Q-V curve is presently the workhorse method of voltage stability analysis at many utilities [6]. Considering the system in Figure 3.2, we can obtain reactive power both at sending end and receiving end, or and by means of Equation (3.5) and Equation (3.3). Then a Q-V cueve can be plotted as in Figure 3.7, which shows relationship between Q and V. The reactive power margin is the MVAr distance from the operating point to either the bottom of the curve, or to a point thaere the voltage squared characteristic if an applied capacitor is tanfent to the V-Q curve [6]. Additionally, the slope of the V-Q curve indicates the stiffness of the bus. Figure 3.7 Typical Q V Curve A New Method for Static Voltage Stability Analysis: P-Q-V Curve Analysis Introduction of MATLAB Software MATLAB is a numerical computing environment and fourth generation programming language. Developed by The MathWorks, MATLAB allows matrix manipulation, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs in other languages [18]. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation. This project greatly benefits from MATLAB to handle 3-dimension curve drawing for P-Q-V curve study, as well as the matrix manipulation associated with power flow analysis, 2-dimension curve plotting for P-V/Q-V curve study in the analysis of WSCC nine-bus system, which will be described in details in CHAPTER 4. P-Q-V Curve In this section, for convenience of forming an ideal voltage source, we assume the angle of the to be zero while the angle of to be degree. Then Equation 3.2 and 3.3 become: Noting that We can eliminate in Equations 3.16 and 3.17, which obtains or Obviously, with specified , and , Equation 3.19 shows relationship of , and . To work out such relationship visually, MATLAB is applied and a P-Q-V curve is obtained as below, where P stands for , Q stands for V stands for and E stands for . Refer to Appendix A for details on MATLAB codes, with the assumsion that E = 1 , X= 0.2 and the values of tan are chosen randomly as [-0.41, -0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.41, 1, 10, 100, 1000]. Figure 3.8 P Q V Curve CHAPTER 4 STATIC VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF WSCC NINE-BUS SYSTEM Introduction of WSCC Nine-bus System WSCC nine-bus system is a typical testing system develped by Western Systems Coordinating Council. It is commonly uesd in jornals and papers for power system studying. Figure 4.1 shows an overview of the WSCC nine-bus system. Refer to Appendix H for parameters of this system. Figure 4.1 Single Line Diagram of WSCC Nine-bus System Introduction of UWPFLOW Software For determining the static voltage stability of the WSCC nine-bus system, UWPFLOW software is used. This software has been developed by University of Waterloo, Canada, and distributed free on the Power Globe. It was written in C and runs under DOS and UNIX enviroments. It has no limitation on the system size other than those imposed by memory limitation in the corresponding enviroment, i.e. RAM and swap space in the UNIX and exrended memory in DOS [16, 20]. UWPFLOW is a research tool that has been designed to calculate local bifurcation characterized by a singularity in the power system Jacobian. This was developed based on power flow method. This software also generates a series of output files that allow further analysis. UWPFLOW reads AC power flow data in WSCC format [11] or IEEE common format [12], DC data in ETMSP format [13], FACTS devices data in s special format described in [14], and steady state load model data in OH format [15]. However in the present study IEEE common format data is used. Additional UN format data is required for bifurcation analysis, such as direction of generation change, direction of load change and maximum genertion limit [10]. The software assumes that one parameter the loading factor, is allowed to change. All steady state system controls remain operational unless otherwise specified by means of the software option. Introduction of POWERWORLD Software POWERWORLD Simulator is an interactive power system simulation package designed to simulate high voltage power system operation on a time frame ranging from several minutes to several days [17]. POWERWORLD provides a linear programming based optimal power flow package Simulator OPF, which ideally suits to do power flow analysis. Whats more, the planning-mode tool Simulator PVQV fulfills the need of Q-V curve drawing. Throughout the project, PowerWorld Simulator will be used to carry out power flow analysis and Q-V curve study of the twelve-bus case. Analysis of WSCC Nine-bus System Direct Method: Repeated Power Flow First of all, the WSCC nine-bus system in Figure 4.1 is built in UWPFLOW software. By running the system and increasing the loading level of step by step, attention will be focused on getting convergence and the maximum loading level. For loading direction, assume all the loads are increased by the same ratio, and only generator at Bus-1 is allowed to dispatch required additional real power. With the load P and Q increased simultaneously with the ratio of 10%, in the same loading direction, the bus voltages in per unit measurement are tabulated in Table 4.1. Couples of data points are collected near the system divergence point. Table 4.1 has shown that the system started to collapse (or diverge) at the point where all loads at the 3 load buses are increased in the same direction till 116%. Note that in Table 4.1, the starting point is denoted as 0% as there is no additional loads added, which is named as basic load. Then we can conclude from Table 4.1 that the maximum loading level for the WSCC nine-bus system is at additional of 116% loading direction on all 3 load buses. Load Increment (%) Bus5 Bus7 Bus9 P (MW) Q (Mvar) V (p.u.) P (MW) Q (Mvar) V (p.u.) P (MW) Q (Mvar) V (p.u.) 0 90 30 1.0129 100 35 1.0162 125 50 1.0261 10 99 33 1.0069 110 38.5 1.0105 137.5 55 0.9886 20 108 36 1.004 120 42 1.0053 150 60 0.981 30 117 39 0.9928 130 45.5 0.999 162.5 65 0.972 40 126 42 0.9846 140 49 0.993 175 70 0.9625 50 135 45 0.9753 150 52.5 0.9862 187.5 75 0.9516 60 144 48 0.9648 160 56 0.979 200 80 0.9394 70 153 51 0.953 170 59.5 0.9711 212.5 85 0.9257 80 162 54 0.9396 180 63 0.9626 225 90 0.9102 90 171 57 0.9242 190 66.5 0.9532 237.5 95 0.8923 100 180 60 0.9061 200 70 0.9428 250 100 0.8714 110 189 63 0.881 210 73.5 0.9239 262.5 105 0.84 112 190.8 63.6 0.8737 212 74.2 0.9167 265 106 0.83 114 192.6 64.2 0.8657 214 74.9 0.9087 267.5 107 0.8191 115 193.5 64.5 0.86 215 75.25 0.9024 268.75 107.5